Economic Justification for High Salaries in Sport

Justification of the huge salaries paid to some top athletes; an economic perspective. Over the last century there has been much research into the area of Labour Economics, and hence the determinants of supply, demand and wages for labour. In this essay, I will be looking at the unique example of the Sports Labour Market with specific focus on the European Football Market, and use various economic models to justify the huge salaries currently offered to top athletes within this field.The wages of professional footballers have risen dramatically since the Bosman ruling in December 1995, in which EU football players were given the right to a  free transfer  at the end of their contracts, with the provision that they were transferring from a club within one EU Association to a club within another EU Association (European Commission, 2012).This has been supported by various studies, including (Simmons, 1997), who argued that the move towards a free agency had the consequent impact of increasing players’ salaries, as the forgone transfer fees translate into increased salaries, since the bargaining power is transferred to the player. This was reinforced by (Downward, 2000) who found that post-Bosman, the wages within the United Kingdom’s Premier League rose considerably.However, these findings conflict with other studies conducted, including (Szymanski, 1999), who argued that the new ruling only lead to increased wages for superstar players who have the greatest bargaining power, and that it did not affect the wages for the average player. During this essay I will first discuss the basic economic principles relating to the labour market, and subsequently introduce various models developed with specific focus on the sports labour market. Demand for labour is â€Å"derived demand† because it is dependent on the demand for the final product that the labour produces (R.Sandy, 2004). The conventional model used to analyse wage determinants states that the demand for labour is dependent on the Marginal Revenue Product of Labour (MRP) which is â€Å"the change in revenue that results from the addition of one extra unit (employee) when all other factors are kept equal† (Investopedia, 2012). In the field of sport, the industry is in a real sense selling its athletes, hence the demand for labour is dependent on the athletes â€Å"product† which could be viewed as his or her contribution towards the teams win column. The value of a win to the ports franchise is dependent on how the fans respond when the team wins more games. This value could be realised through the many revenue streams that sports franchises currently operate, perhaps most notably in the form of increased ticket sales, increased spending on merchandise and prize money. The â€Å"Standard Model† or â€Å"Perfect Competition Model† for wage determinants assumes that the sports franchise will operate at the profit maximising level of outpu t, i. e. when the last unit of labour that is added adds as much to the firms revenues as to its costs > MRPL = MCL as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1– PC Model Revenue and cost Marginal Wage Cost ARP MRP Employment of labour However, there are many limitations to this model, as the labour market for competitive athletes is far more complex. One basic argument against this model is that if in a perfectly competitive industry; firms earn abnormal profits, it assumes that more firms will enter the market and diminish these returns. Nonetheless, there are huge barriers to entry in the professional sports industry, and freedom of entry and exit does not exist.If we look at the Premier League for example, each club typically has a local monopoly, and due to the nature of the market, one firm may bid up the price of labour as it hires more units, hence in the sense it could be viewed as a monopsonistic market (R. Sandy, 2004). Furthermore, there is uncertainty over quality, as sports te ams have uncertainty over both the new players they hire and even experienced players and in the PC model the quality of labour is assumed to be known to the firm. Also due to long-term contracts it is impossible to predict how their skills will deteriorate or improve ver that period and if any injuries will occur. Furthermore, Players have to learn the weaknesses and strengths of their team-mates and to coordinate their strategies. A group of players who have been together for years will be much more effective than a group of equally talented individuals who have just been assembled into a team (R. Sandy, 2004). When establishing a suitable model to justify the enormous wages paid to some top athletes, we should first consider some basic economic principles. By definition, Star players are scarce hence the supply of these star players is highly inelastic.This in itself would inflate the wage of these players, as the supply of top talent is very limited. To add a unit of player qual ity the team has to pay a higher price than it paid for its last unit of quality (Robinsion, 2012). However, it has been suggested that the labour supply curve has become more elastic since the globalisation of the sports labour market. Sherwin Rosen’s seminal 1981 paper on the economics of superstars asked the question why â€Å"relatively small numbers of people earn enormous amounts of money and seem to dominate the fields in which they engage. Rosen suggests that in superstar markets, â€Å"small differences in talent at the top of the distribution will translate into large differences in revenue† (Rosen, 1981). This suggests that the MRP of labour in sports, accelerates at an almost exponential rate as talent or quality increases, and profit-maximisers will operate where MRPL = MCL, hence leading to high salaries. Rosen simple insight was that â€Å"†¦ sellers of higher talent charge only slightly higher prices than those of lower talent, but sell much larg er quantities; their greater earnings come overwhelmingly from selling larger quantities than from charging higher prices†.This was tested empirically on the Italian League by Simmons & Lucifora in 2003 and the findings were consistent with Rosen’s hypothesis, and found that relatively small number of performers dominate their industry and earn a disproportionate share of revenue (Simmons C. L. , 2003). Furthermore, in a study conducted by (Depken, 2000), it was found that performance may be affected by the dispersion of pay within teams. Hefound, empirically, that less salary disparity resulted in greater team cohesiveness and more efficient team production.Another justification given for these huge salaries has been deemed the â€Å"Demonstration Effect†. This is a positiveexternality in the sense that a team which hires a superstar may raise the revenues of other teams in the league. This was found by Hausman and Leonard (1997) who established that the presenc e of a superstar such as Michael Jordan can have a substantial effect on the number of viewers watching NBA basketball games and increase other teams’ revenue as well as his own (Leonard, 1997). Perhaps one of the most important factors relating to salaries is the underlying motive of owners.There have been various views on whether owners actually employ a utility maximisation or profit maximisation strategy, and in the European Football industry, it could be argued that both forms exist. Gerald Scully investigated the theoretical relationship between a club’s winning percentage, ticket prices, attendance and profits. He stated that the marginal cost of acquiring player talent (T) is given by MC(T). Also, the demand for wins depends on thesize of the franchise market and the elasticity of fans demand for wins.In this model the term we represents a profit-maximising winning percentage where MC(T) = MR(T), the marginal revenue derived from a particular level of talent, w ith Te being the profit-maximising level of talent required to produce this outcome. This can be shown in Figure 2 Figure 2 – Scully’s Model Price / Cost Te MC(T) P C D(T) MR(T) Win percentage W2 We W1 However, playing success has a random component due to injuries, mistakes by the referee, or a mismatch between managerial skills and players.Thus, there is a range of win percentages associated with Te talent such as w1 – w2. In turn this range gives rise to variation in attendance between A1 and A2 in Figure 3. To show the relationship between profit and win percentage Scully uses Figure 4. He shows a horizontal line ? = 0 which describes the club’s break-even point. He also makes the assumption that costs other than talent are fixed. Since Scully assumes that revenue is proportional to the team’s winning percentage, as indicated by ? T) in Figure 3, but that costs are fixed for the season, teams will make positive profits for winning percentages a bove or close to the profit maximising level, we, as shown by ? 0 Attendance Profit Figure 3Figure 4 ?(T) = TR ? TC A ?3 A3 ?2 A2 ?0 ?1 A1 Win percentage 0 w3 w2 w1 Win Percentage 0 w3 w2 w1 On the other hand, there are some criticisms to this model. Firstly, considering European Football, clubs also compete in European competitions, therefore giving incentive to have T >Te. In addition, Scully’s model focuses on the proportion of games won.Fans may be more interested in their team contending for a championship. These are not the same; hence in an evenly balanced league a team with nearly 50% wins could be in contention while in a highly unbalanced league a team with 60% wins could be out of contention. The utility maximisation model was introduced by Peter Sloane in 1971, and he viewed that in the case of football this model was intuitively the most appealing in since we may regard football as a consumption activity (Sloane, 1971).In Sloane’s model the utility U of an owner is a function, u, of; playing success; defined as the percentage of wins, (w); average attendance which adds to the spectacle and atmosphere (a); the competitive balance of the league defined as the standard deviation of league-wide winning percentages (x); having attractive opponents increases the interest in games; and after tax profits minus the threshold level of profit required to stay in business (x); profits add to the stability of the club and help to attract star players.Thus Utility Maximisation is the function denoted by U = u (w, a, x, ? ), subject to ? r 0 + taxes; where ? r equals actual profits and ? 0 equals minimum profits. Both ? r and ? 0 may in fact be negative, in which case the taxes due would be zero. This is possible where the club has access to external sources of finance (f). In this model, the owner might weight each component of the function differently; hence if the owner puts a high weight on w then they will be prepared to trade off some rofit ( or make losses) in order to secure additional playing success. Sloane’s model is perhaps even more relevant today, as there has been a recent trend for billionaires to acquire football clubs and spend unprecedented amounts on talent, purely to maximise the amount of wins. Implications of this model could also be used to describe the financial instability of some clubs, and the unbalanced performance of many European Leagues. Figure 5 – Sloane ModelReturns and cost of winning L’’ D TC C TRL L’ S’’ B TRS S’ A 0 W’L W’s WL Ws Win Percentage This result is illustrated in Figure 5, which compares a big city club, L, with a small city club, S, competing in a two-team league. As with the Scully model, it is assumed that costs of producing wins rises linearly and are identical for both clubs. Returns to winning rise initially at an increasing rate, but then at a decreasing rate as interest wanes if a team wins too often.T he total returns to winning schedule for a large city team TRL lies above that for a small city team TRS as the larger population catchment area in the former case means that the large city team will attract more spectators for any given winning percentage. The financial instability arises from the zero sum nature of the wins within the league. If the large city team wins more often, denoted by L’, this means that the small city team will win less often, denoted by S’. Thus the success of one club will drive the other into the area of loss making (anywhere below TC).Due to the different regulations and restrictions, there is no one-size fits all model, but in the case of European Football, the most influential factor relating to players wages is the motives of the owner. Many high profile clubs in recent times have been criticised for spending endless sums of money to bring in the talent to enable them to win. Perhaps most notably, in the case of Chelsea, Roman Abromav ich total spending has surpassed â‚ ¬1bn [ (Jackson, 2012) ], and Chelsea has consistently reported losses with Abramovich’s sole mission of wanting to win the European Champions League.When looking at Sloane’s model, it could be viewed that in the case of utility maximisation, that Abramovich puts heavy weighting on the winning aspect of the function, with little or no emphasis on profits, and perhaps in this rare example, it could be viewed that he has no have a maximum loss. To overcome this growing trend, UEFA have implemented new rules regarding Financial Fair Play which includes an obligation for clubs, over a period of time, to balance their books or break even.Under the concept, clubs cannot repeatedly spend more than their generated revenues, and clubs will be obliged to meet all their transfer and employee payment commitments at all times† [ (UEFA, 2012) ]. This would be a new factor that needs to be introduced into economic models. Furthermore, it c ould be viewed that the traditional business model of Football clubs is changing, as in the case of David Beckham, the increased merchandise sales realised by Real Madrid and LA Galaxy has meant that they have been able to justify his huge salaries ased on the marginal revenue product that he generates. Some superstars can have huge impacts on franchises total revenue, as described in the superstar effect, and clubs are forced to pay all players huge salaries to prevent underperformance due to pay disparity. Bibliography Ross Jackson. (2012, 02 01). Goal. com. Retrieved from http://www. goal. com/en-gb/news/2896/premier-league/2012/02/01/2879167/roman-abramovichs-chelsea-spending-surpasses-1-billion Depken, C. (2000). Wage disparity and team productivity: evidence from major. Economics Letters 67 . Downward, P. . (2000). The Economics of Professional Team Sports. London: Routledge. European Commission. (2012, 12 02). White Paper on Sport. Retrieved from The Organisation of Sport: ht tp://ec. europa. eu/sport/white-paper/swd-the-organisation-of-sport_en. htm#4_2 Investopedia. (2012, 12 02). Marginal Revenue Product. Retrieved from http://www. investopedia. com/terms/m/marginal-revenue-product-mrp. asp#axzz2Duw8EOwf Leonard, J. H. (1997). Superstars in the NBA. Journal of Labour Economics . R. Sandy, P. S. (2004). The Economics of Sport; An International Perspective.New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Robinsion, T. (2012). The Labour Market for Players Lecture. Manchester. Rosen, S. (1981). The Economics of Superstars. The American Economic Review . Simmons. (1997). Implications of the Bosman Ruling. Economic Affairs , 13-18. Simmons, C. L. (2003). Superstar Effects in Sport : Evidence From Italian Soccer. Journal of Sports Economics . Sloane, P. J. (1971). The Economics of Professional Football: The Football Club As A Utility Maximiser. Scottish Journal of Political Economy . Szymanski, K. &. (1999). Winners and Losers. London: Penguin. Economic Justification for High Salaries in Sport Justification of the huge salaries paid to some top athletes; an economic perspective. Over the last century there has been much research into the area of Labour Economics, and hence the determinants of supply, demand and wages for labour. In this essay, I will be looking at the unique example of the Sports Labour Market with specific focus on the European Football Market, and use various economic models to justify the huge salaries currently offered to top athletes within this field.The wages of professional footballers have risen dramatically since the Bosman ruling in December 1995, in which EU football players were given the right to a  free transfer  at the end of their contracts, with the provision that they were transferring from a club within one EU Association to a club within another EU Association (European Commission, 2012).This has been supported by various studies, including (Simmons, 1997), who argued that the move towards a free agency had the consequent impact of increasing players’ salaries, as the forgone transfer fees translate into increased salaries, since the bargaining power is transferred to the player. This was reinforced by (Downward, 2000) who found that post-Bosman, the wages within the United Kingdom’s Premier League rose considerably.However, these findings conflict with other studies conducted, including (Szymanski, 1999), who argued that the new ruling only lead to increased wages for superstar players who have the greatest bargaining power, and that it did not affect the wages for the average player. During this essay I will first discuss the basic economic principles relating to the labour market, and subsequently introduce various models developed with specific focus on the sports labour market. Demand for labour is â€Å"derived demand† because it is dependent on the demand for the final product that the labour produces (R.Sandy, 2004). The conventional model used to analyse wage determinants states that the demand for labour is dependent on the Marginal Revenue Product of Labour (MRP) which is â€Å"the change in revenue that results from the addition of one extra unit (employee) when all other factors are kept equal† (Investopedia, 2012). In the field of sport, the industry is in a real sense selling its athletes, hence the demand for labour is dependent on the athletes â€Å"product† which could be viewed as his or her contribution towards the teams win column. The value of a win to the ports franchise is dependent on how the fans respond when the team wins more games. This value could be realised through the many revenue streams that sports franchises currently operate, perhaps most notably in the form of increased ticket sales, increased spending on merchandise and prize money. The â€Å"Standard Model† or â€Å"Perfect Competition Model† for wage determinants assumes that the sports franchise will operate at the profit maximising level of outpu t, i. e. when the last unit of labour that is added adds as much to the firms revenues as to its costs > MRPL = MCL as shown in Figure 1.Figure 1– PC Model Revenue and cost Marginal Wage Cost ARP MRP Employment of labour However, there are many limitations to this model, as the labour market for competitive athletes is far more complex. One basic argument against this model is that if in a perfectly competitive industry; firms earn abnormal profits, it assumes that more firms will enter the market and diminish these returns. Nonetheless, there are huge barriers to entry in the professional sports industry, and freedom of entry and exit does not exist.If we look at the Premier League for example, each club typically has a local monopoly, and due to the nature of the market, one firm may bid up the price of labour as it hires more units, hence in the sense it could be viewed as a monopsonistic market (R. Sandy, 2004). Furthermore, there is uncertainty over quality, as sports te ams have uncertainty over both the new players they hire and even experienced players and in the PC model the quality of labour is assumed to be known to the firm. Also due to long-term contracts it is impossible to predict how their skills will deteriorate or improve ver that period and if any injuries will occur. Furthermore, Players have to learn the weaknesses and strengths of their team-mates and to coordinate their strategies. A group of players who have been together for years will be much more effective than a group of equally talented individuals who have just been assembled into a team (R. Sandy, 2004). When establishing a suitable model to justify the enormous wages paid to some top athletes, we should first consider some basic economic principles. By definition, Star players are scarce hence the supply of these star players is highly inelastic.This in itself would inflate the wage of these players, as the supply of top talent is very limited. To add a unit of player qual ity the team has to pay a higher price than it paid for its last unit of quality (Robinsion, 2012). However, it has been suggested that the labour supply curve has become more elastic since the globalisation of the sports labour market. Sherwin Rosen’s seminal 1981 paper on the economics of superstars asked the question why â€Å"relatively small numbers of people earn enormous amounts of money and seem to dominate the fields in which they engage. Rosen suggests that in superstar markets, â€Å"small differences in talent at the top of the distribution will translate into large differences in revenue† (Rosen, 1981). This suggests that the MRP of labour in sports, accelerates at an almost exponential rate as talent or quality increases, and profit-maximisers will operate where MRPL = MCL, hence leading to high salaries. Rosen simple insight was that â€Å"†¦ sellers of higher talent charge only slightly higher prices than those of lower talent, but sell much larg er quantities; their greater earnings come overwhelmingly from selling larger quantities than from charging higher prices†.This was tested empirically on the Italian League by Simmons & Lucifora in 2003 and the findings were consistent with Rosen’s hypothesis, and found that relatively small number of performers dominate their industry and earn a disproportionate share of revenue (Simmons C. L. , 2003). Furthermore, in a study conducted by (Depken, 2000), it was found that performance may be affected by the dispersion of pay within teams. Hefound, empirically, that less salary disparity resulted in greater team cohesiveness and more efficient team production.Another justification given for these huge salaries has been deemed the â€Å"Demonstration Effect†. This is a positiveexternality in the sense that a team which hires a superstar may raise the revenues of other teams in the league. This was found by Hausman and Leonard (1997) who established that the presenc e of a superstar such as Michael Jordan can have a substantial effect on the number of viewers watching NBA basketball games and increase other teams’ revenue as well as his own (Leonard, 1997). Perhaps one of the most important factors relating to salaries is the underlying motive of owners.There have been various views on whether owners actually employ a utility maximisation or profit maximisation strategy, and in the European Football industry, it could be argued that both forms exist. Gerald Scully investigated the theoretical relationship between a club’s winning percentage, ticket prices, attendance and profits. He stated that the marginal cost of acquiring player talent (T) is given by MC(T). Also, the demand for wins depends on thesize of the franchise market and the elasticity of fans demand for wins.In this model the term we represents a profit-maximising winning percentage where MC(T) = MR(T), the marginal revenue derived from a particular level of talent, w ith Te being the profit-maximising level of talent required to produce this outcome. This can be shown in Figure 2 Figure 2 – Scully’s Model Price / Cost Te MC(T) P C D(T) MR(T) Win percentage W2 We W1 However, playing success has a random component due to injuries, mistakes by the referee, or a mismatch between managerial skills and players.Thus, there is a range of win percentages associated with Te talent such as w1 – w2. In turn this range gives rise to variation in attendance between A1 and A2 in Figure 3. To show the relationship between profit and win percentage Scully uses Figure 4. He shows a horizontal line ? = 0 which describes the club’s break-even point. He also makes the assumption that costs other than talent are fixed. Since Scully assumes that revenue is proportional to the team’s winning percentage, as indicated by ? T) in Figure 3, but that costs are fixed for the season, teams will make positive profits for winning percentages a bove or close to the profit maximising level, we, as shown by ? 0 Attendance Profit Figure 3Figure 4 ?(T) = TR ? TC A ?3 A3 ?2 A2 ?0 ?1 A1 Win percentage 0 w3 w2 w1 Win Percentage 0 w3 w2 w1 On the other hand, there are some criticisms to this model. Firstly, considering European Football, clubs also compete in European competitions, therefore giving incentive to have T >Te. In addition, Scully’s model focuses on the proportion of games won.Fans may be more interested in their team contending for a championship. These are not the same; hence in an evenly balanced league a team with nearly 50% wins could be in contention while in a highly unbalanced league a team with 60% wins could be out of contention. The utility maximisation model was introduced by Peter Sloane in 1971, and he viewed that in the case of football this model was intuitively the most appealing in since we may regard football as a consumption activity (Sloane, 1971).In Sloane’s model the utility U of an owner is a function, u, of; playing success; defined as the percentage of wins, (w); average attendance which adds to the spectacle and atmosphere (a); the competitive balance of the league defined as the standard deviation of league-wide winning percentages (x); having attractive opponents increases the interest in games; and after tax profits minus the threshold level of profit required to stay in business (x); profits add to the stability of the club and help to attract star players.Thus Utility Maximisation is the function denoted by U = u (w, a, x, ? ), subject to ? r 0 + taxes; where ? r equals actual profits and ? 0 equals minimum profits. Both ? r and ? 0 may in fact be negative, in which case the taxes due would be zero. This is possible where the club has access to external sources of finance (f). In this model, the owner might weight each component of the function differently; hence if the owner puts a high weight on w then they will be prepared to trade off some rofit ( or make losses) in order to secure additional playing success. Sloane’s model is perhaps even more relevant today, as there has been a recent trend for billionaires to acquire football clubs and spend unprecedented amounts on talent, purely to maximise the amount of wins. Implications of this model could also be used to describe the financial instability of some clubs, and the unbalanced performance of many European Leagues. Figure 5 – Sloane ModelReturns and cost of winning L’’ D TC C TRL L’ S’’ B TRS S’ A 0 W’L W’s WL Ws Win Percentage This result is illustrated in Figure 5, which compares a big city club, L, with a small city club, S, competing in a two-team league. As with the Scully model, it is assumed that costs of producing wins rises linearly and are identical for both clubs. Returns to winning rise initially at an increasing rate, but then at a decreasing rate as interest wanes if a team wins too often.T he total returns to winning schedule for a large city team TRL lies above that for a small city team TRS as the larger population catchment area in the former case means that the large city team will attract more spectators for any given winning percentage. The financial instability arises from the zero sum nature of the wins within the league. If the large city team wins more often, denoted by L’, this means that the small city team will win less often, denoted by S’. Thus the success of one club will drive the other into the area of loss making (anywhere below TC).Due to the different regulations and restrictions, there is no one-size fits all model, but in the case of European Football, the most influential factor relating to players wages is the motives of the owner. Many high profile clubs in recent times have been criticised for spending endless sums of money to bring in the talent to enable them to win. Perhaps most notably, in the case of Chelsea, Roman Abromav ich total spending has surpassed â‚ ¬1bn [ (Jackson, 2012) ], and Chelsea has consistently reported losses with Abramovich’s sole mission of wanting to win the European Champions League.When looking at Sloane’s model, it could be viewed that in the case of utility maximisation, that Abramovich puts heavy weighting on the winning aspect of the function, with little or no emphasis on profits, and perhaps in this rare example, it could be viewed that he has no have a maximum loss. To overcome this growing trend, UEFA have implemented new rules regarding Financial Fair Play which includes an obligation for clubs, over a period of time, to balance their books or break even.Under the concept, clubs cannot repeatedly spend more than their generated revenues, and clubs will be obliged to meet all their transfer and employee payment commitments at all times† [ (UEFA, 2012) ]. This would be a new factor that needs to be introduced into economic models. Furthermore, it c ould be viewed that the traditional business model of Football clubs is changing, as in the case of David Beckham, the increased merchandise sales realised by Real Madrid and LA Galaxy has meant that they have been able to justify his huge salaries ased on the marginal revenue product that he generates. Some superstars can have huge impacts on franchises total revenue, as described in the superstar effect, and clubs are forced to pay all players huge salaries to prevent underperformance due to pay disparity. Bibliography Ross Jackson. (2012, 02 01). Goal. com. Retrieved from http://www. goal. com/en-gb/news/2896/premier-league/2012/02/01/2879167/roman-abramovichs-chelsea-spending-surpasses-1-billion Depken, C. (2000). Wage disparity and team productivity: evidence from major. Economics Letters 67 . Downward, P. . (2000). The Economics of Professional Team Sports. London: Routledge. European Commission. (2012, 12 02). White Paper on Sport. Retrieved from The Organisation of Sport: ht tp://ec. europa. eu/sport/white-paper/swd-the-organisation-of-sport_en. htm#4_2 Investopedia. (2012, 12 02). Marginal Revenue Product. Retrieved from http://www. investopedia. com/terms/m/marginal-revenue-product-mrp. asp#axzz2Duw8EOwf Leonard, J. H. (1997). Superstars in the NBA. Journal of Labour Economics . R. Sandy, P. S. (2004). The Economics of Sport; An International Perspective.New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Robinsion, T. (2012). The Labour Market for Players Lecture. Manchester. Rosen, S. (1981). The Economics of Superstars. The American Economic Review . Simmons. (1997). Implications of the Bosman Ruling. Economic Affairs , 13-18. Simmons, C. L. (2003). Superstar Effects in Sport : Evidence From Italian Soccer. Journal of Sports Economics . Sloane, P. J. (1971). The Economics of Professional Football: The Football Club As A Utility Maximiser. Scottish Journal of Political Economy . Szymanski, K. &. (1999). Winners and Losers. London: Penguin.

Physiological and psychological responses Essay

Attainment tests are an important aspect of measuring knowledge demonstrated or the outcomes that following instructions in a specific program. Intelligence tests determine an individual’s abilities being a reflection of experience gained in other means not necessarily part of school curriculum. However, examinee performance in these tests has been noted to vary from one kind of environmental setting to the other due to a number of both environmental and examinee factors (Pinku & Birenbaum, 1997).. For instance, environmental factors such as climatic stress due to global warming have over time impacted greatly on the conditions under which psychological tests are taken. Test environments vary substantially from place to place and also due to the cognitive demands of an assessment task. Recently, there have been extensive studies conducted to analyze the impact of test environments on mental performance. Much emphasis has especially been laid on the test environments that impact negatively on performance in tests and which are responsible for the misrepresentation of the competence of one’s mind. Test anxiety Test anxiety encompasses the behavioral, physiological and psychological responses that reflect apprehension regarding a possibility of failing during an evaluative test. Studies have indicated that there is a direct correlation between test anxiety and poor test scores (Gregory, 1996). However, there are two categories of test anxiety: (1) those who suffer from interfering thoughts during an exanimation and which compromise performance; and (2) those who suffer from the inability to learn by organizing the necessary information for recall when taking a test. The first category is referred to as the interference model while the second is referred to as the skill deficit model. According to research, test anxiety due to the inability to organize and learn essential information could be enhanced by inadequate study behaviors. This leads to poor scores since the examinee never learns the necessary material and which is the most basic requirement for good performance. Thus, test anxiety in such an occasion is usually exacted by unpreparedness and not performance decline per se (Holahan & Culler 1980). With reference to the condition of interfering thoughts, high anxiety leads to responses and thoughts that are not relevant to the test and these occupy much of the processing space in the mind. Competition for processing space by these responses affects the test related responses that are important for succeeding in an evaluation test. This leads to poor performance as test anxiety causes problems in recalling test-relevant information learned due to the maladaptive responses associate with irrelevant thoughts. Studies have shown that the test examiner can help the examinees in handling test anxiety by encouraging and helping them to relax before administering the test. Preparing adequately before a test can help learners to avoid studying at the last minute which increases anxiety. Being at the examination room quite on time and thinking about what ones knows about the subject being tested rather than what one does not know also helps reduce anxiety. Concentrating on the positive rather than negative and irrational thoughts can help in maintaining the mind at peace and hence reducing anxiety. It is also necessary that stressful tasks or situations are not scheduled just before one takes a test. Climatic Stress The physical conditions in which an examinee takes a test has an immense impact on the test’s score. For instance the environmental conditions such as high temperatures and humidity in the tropical region where close to two-thirds of the whole world population take their tests are unfavorable. It is important to note that systems that can correct such imbalances are not always available to every examinee. In the tropics for instance, examinees take tests in an environment with high and uncomfortable heat and high humidity. Current studies indicate that environmental stressors like high humidity and temperate can by impairing mechanisms such as selective attention and short-term memory affect performance negatively. According to Auliciems (1972), the short-term memory is paramount for the basic processing of information during a test. On the other hand, selective attention is a requisite for performing successfully in a psychological test. These aspects of the mind are essential in enabling the examinee to rule out stimuli that is irrelevant to the test task especially when an examinee ought to think laterally (Gregory, 1996). Given their importance in influencing test scores, these two domains: selective attention and auditory short-term memory have been studied through the Stroop and Digit span tests respectively and found to impact negatively on performance if distorted. Incase of uncomfortable environmental stress, the administration can ensure a conducive environment by installing the appropriate corrective measures such as air conditioning systems. Other factors such as hostility between the examiner and examinee which can significantly distract the two domains or block concentration can be effectively handled by seeking help from a mentor or a counselor. This helps the examinee to relax and take the test positively. It is indeed important that the mind as well as the body work in the most conducive environment for impressive test results to be attained. References Auliciems, A. (1972). Some observed relationships between the atmospheric environment and Mental work. Environmental Research, 5, pp. 217-240. Gregory, R. J. (1996). Psychological testing: History, principles, and applications (2nd Ed. ). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Holahan, C. J. , & Culler, R. E. (1980). Test anxiety and academic performance: The effects of study related behaviors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, pp. 16-20. Pinku, P. , & Birenbaum, M. (1997). Effects of test anxiety, Information organization, and testing situation on performance on two test formats. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 22, pp. 23-38.

About in katherine mansfield’s miss brill

About in katherine mansfields miss brill In Katherine Mansfield’s â€Å"Miss Brill† the reader is given a glimpse into the life of an old English teacher living in France. Miss Brill is an old woman living in exile who enjoys going out every Sunday to listen to the band play in the park and eavesdrop into people’s conversations. Through the use of literary components such as limited 3rd person point of view and characterization, Mansfield explores how one’s self-perspective can be skewed and results in alienation. These literary components make the epiphany at the end of the story more effective. The limited 3rd person point of view is defined as a method of storytelling in which the narrator knows only the thoughts and feelings of a single character, while other characters are presented only externally. This point of view is important to the story so that as the reader will not engage in sympathy with Miss Brill but instead observe her actions as she feigns the happiness in her life. If this story were told in 1st person, the reader would be experiencing the mind of Miss Brill as she leads herself through her fantasy life. For example, the reader would not be able to fully understand that she is viewing the world as an illusion instead of reality. At the beginning of the story, the author introduces a symbol to the readers, Miss Brill’s fur. â€Å"She had taken it out of this box that afternoon, shaken out the moth-powder, given it a good brush, and rubbed the life back into the dim little eyes† â€Å"What has been happening to me?† said the sad little eyes.†(p.84). This fur symbolizes a companionship that is obvious Miss Brill hasn’t had in a very long time. Miss Brill can be described as a dynamic round character. A Dynamic character also know as a round character is a specific type of character or fictional or imagined person in a literary text. A dynamic character is usually one of the main characters, is presented in a complex a nd detailed manner and usually undergoes a significant change in response to the events or circumstances described in the plot. In this story the main character is Miss Brill and the author presents the reader with an indirect description of the main character. Again this is supported by the limited third person point of view. Throughout the story we are given insight into how Miss Brill lives out her lonely life by going to the park every Sunday to eavesdrop into other people’s lives as though she is trying to live vicariously through them. Through this type of description the reader can see that she lives in this world through her own fantasies. Miss Brill does not live in this reality; she lives in the world that she has seemed to have made up on her own. In the paragraph that talks about her reading to the old man â€Å"But suddenly he knew he was having the paper read to him by an actress! â€Å"An actress!† Miss Brill responds by saying â€Å"Yes, I have been a n actress for a long time.†(p.86) so the reader sees she is not actually an actress, but she is trying to create her own reality. In order to be a dynamic character it is important that the character undergoes a dramatic change in response to events. This leads to the next important literary element†¦epiphany.

Designing neew product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Designing neew product - Essay Example Organizations are faced with high intensity of competition within the industry and also from new entrants. There is even competition from the outside players as well. Every business has to innovate to stay ahead in the competitive market. No business can afford to offer the same unchanged product. This will lead to a decrease in sale and profits reduced. Hence new product development has become an indispensable strategy for any organization in order to build a competitive advantage and carry out its operations effectively in the market place. Discussion The advancement in information and communication technology, computes etc., is influencing almost all aspects of the business world, from networking to marketing, research and development. Understanding and effectively utilizing the advancements in this technology are vital for any business if they aspire to continuously grow their business and attract new customers and clients. Technology is transforming the core of innovation. With the help of technology, companies can now test new ideas with unimaginable speed and minimum prices. Online resources help a company to test market its product or service after the initial development, to assess or evaluate the viability of the product and make necessary changes according to customer feedback. Technological advancements have helped companies to launch their innovative initiatives within no time and with least amount they have ever imagined. As information technology becomes cheaper and available to public at large, the competition for continuously growing and developing innovative products and services for the customers is becoming a necessity for companies to thrive. This makes continuous use of advancement in information technology very crucial for companies for constant innovation and growth in the market. There are various ways by which market can be segmented such as demographic segmentation, geographic segmentation, psychographic and behavioural segmentation ( Pride, Hughes & Kapoor, 2011, p.343). The present generation of young people are tech-savvy. This generation want quick solutions for everything, starting from their daily requirements, likes and preferences, means of pleasure etc. Customers look for products with multiples features or products and devices which are multi-tasking. Considering the present trend of consumers, two products can be targeted. Wrist watch is a common accessory today, which is not only used as a time tracker but has become a status symbol, owing to the continuous developments in the design and features. People, especially college students and young working professionals also carry with them music players such as iPod and other music devices. These people are music lovers and like to listen to music during their free hours such as travelling and lunch and also sometimes during work. Sometimes it becomes tedious to take iPods or music players everywhere they go. They also forget to carry it sometimes, as it i s not a regular accessory like a wristwatch. Looking at this opportunity the new product which has been planned to develop and launch in the market will be an innovative wrist watch with an embedded music system or music player in it. The music system will be equipped with a wireless Bluetooth. The watch will work as a touch screen for changing songs and folders. Wrist Watch with Music: A Brief Overview The new product whi

Spice-Trail Oriental Condiments and Relishes Assignment

Spice-Trail Oriental Condiments and Relishes - Assignment Example With much research they finally decided to start its business of spice. In 1992 the company secured financial baking with one of the investment bank. The company employed seven operatives to look after the site and the roasting, drying and its grinding operation. Pritpal was appointed as the CEO; Paul became the general manager and looked after the production process. The marketing department was looked by Sarah and Usmann. Kim looked after the administration and management information system. Eventually the company became a major player in spices of the food industry. The position of Spice-Trail The company has started off well and by 2000 the company took over a bread making company and included them in its product range. In 2005, the company introduced pre-prepared sauces and pastes which shoot up to their success. In the current scenario, Paul Bowers is the CEO; and all other members remained in their previous position. The company had two plants which had its own operational man ger. The functional specialist normally favoured either one plant over another. There was a friendly rivalry among the two plants. Kim has realised that the friendly banter that existed between the two sites had become barbed and relationship had got less friendly. By May 2010 the company had 1750 employees working for Spice-Trail. Kim had taken into consideration the major incident which occurred in the company within the past few months and among them four incident that took place has majorly affected the company and its employees. The first incident that Kim noticed was the cultural difference among the two teams. A very unpleasant scene happened to develop in the training session of the two teams. Janice who was heading the Quality Operation was one of the favoured employees of the company and most of the company’s success is attributed to her. The two teams PR and PS did not mix well with each other and Kim had wished if she could do something to get them together. The s econd incident that Kim noticed was the incident regarding the warehouse. The warehouse was operated by Noddy Bones. Due to small sack size, the warehouse was labour intensive section of the company. The warehouse has 30 employees taking care of the sacks. In an incident, a coriander sacks accidentally caught the corner stanchion and the whole rack of coriander crumpled. This incident injured one of the drivers of the company and an investigation was followed which stated that the company was at a fault for not monitoring the situation and let the driver operate without anyone’s presence. The third incident took place over the annual pay review. The annual pay review took into consideration the development needs and salary progression. The employee base pay was about to increase by 2.75% and a bonus of 1.5%. The meeting took place between the employee and their respective manager which has been noticed as a matter of concern. Joel Barker team were not satisfied with the pay r eview. Following the decision many of Joel team members began to stay away from work and during the month July and August, the absentee’s record increased. This situation was made worse when two of Joel core member resigned. To handle this problem, Mo Travis was elected as the spokesperson and explained that the employees felt that they were let down by the management. When compared it was found out that the staff received 0.5%less than relish plant, they were offered more training and so on. The main issue was of grievance between the two teams and which lead to discomfort in the environment. The last

Social Justice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Justice - Research Paper Example From a broad point of view, the concept of social justice advocates the equality among the individuals who comprise the society. The above mentioned equality might be perceived from different points of view. For example, socially, it means that all the citizens will be able to enjoy the same kind of treatment. In terms of economic status, they all will have access to financial resources that are irreplaceable for the well being. The most important point here is that the people who have excessive financial funds will be urged to distribute the extra among the needy. Speaking of the political aspect, one might point out that the interests of all the classes will be equally represented in the political process. It would not be an exaggeration to point out that a considerable number of different institutions promotes the notion of social justice, but the United Nations Organization is the one which adopted the most modern version of it. It envisions its application through the specific laws that will be adopted in all the countries all over the world. It would be quite interesting to analyze the benefits as well negative aspects of implementation of the above mentioned notion in various areas. Thus, from the social point of view social justice will ease the tension between the strata. However, it will also contribute to the dissatisfaction of the upper classes that would feel that their portion in the contribution to the overall welfare is exaggerated. As for the economic aspect of the notion with regard to current issues, one might point out that it is likely to fight one of the biggest global problems, namely poverty which is the basis for other issues, such as hunger. However, keeping in mind the weak economic of different states which rely heavily on the loans from different political institutions, one would have to point out that the achievement of it is not possible in the foreseeable future. Finally, there is also the political aspect that

Improving the Quality of Education in the Urban Schools Essay - 2

Improving the Quality of Education in the Urban Schools - Essay Example Ameliorating the teachers’ quality will play a significant role in improving the quality of education in poor urban schools. Miller states that improving the quality of teachers in the urban district schools will play a very crucial role in improving the quality of education in urban schools. I think that Miller is right in saying that the pay that urban teachers receive is very discouraging when reviewed against the high cost of living in urban areas. This discourages many teachers from teaching in these schools and makes it hard for them to attract top talent from other schools or from graduating college students compared to the private schools. Statistics show that a large percentage of the experienced teachers in the urban schools will retire in a decade leaving seven hundred thousand new and untrained school teachers in the urban district schools. In my opinion, this will contribute significantly to increased poor performance in urban schools as the students will be taught by inexperienced school teachers. There is also the issue of bad and poor-performing teachers the urban schools who contribute sig nificantly to the poor performance in these schools (Miller 34). Miller suggests that the state should review the salaries of urban school teachers to enable them to attract top talent. I concur with him and also suggest that the urban school teachers should have pay perks that will help in motivating them by giving bonuses to the top-performing teachers. The federal government should increase their salaries at least fifty per cent, thus attracting college graduates who would have joined other professions due to the salaries. By increasing the teachers’ starting salaries to sixty thousand annually, the union will entice many talented teachers and attract others. However, the issues of poor performing teachers should be addressed.  

Tell u later Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Tell u later - Lab Report Example The company has faced several political issues that have deteriorated its financial position and brand image among its peers. The major competitors of Nokia are Samsung, Apple, LG and Sony. These companies operate in the Android platform apart from Apple. The rapid growth of Samsung has allowed it to reach the leading position which was once owned by Nokia for a long period of time. Nokia has high potential in the windows tablet market owing to the recent rise of windows tablets’ popularity. The business deal with Microsoft has allowed Nokia to have a strong financial background that can be leveraged to finance the future innovations. In order to improve the current condition of Nokia, the company must introduce new technology and innovative products like smart watch or other wearable devices to gain a competitive advantage over its rivals. Nokia Corporation is best known as the manufacturer of mobile handsets in the global market. The company is headquartered in Finland, owns production plants in 8 countries and operates in more than 120 countries (Marketline, 2014a). The company also manufactures network and location based equipments for third party companies. The company owns three major business divisions, the devices and services, network solutions and location based services under the brand HERE. The devices and services section offers mobile phone devices including smart phones and other low end feature phones. The network solution section offers telecommunication solutions targeted at the global mobile broadband industry. It includes 3G, 4G and LTE services along with customer experience management. HERE offers customized GPS and location based services for application developers, automotive companies and device manufacturers (Nokia, 2014). The global mobile phone market has grown significantly over the past fe w years. As of 2013, the mobile phone market earned revenue of $163.4 billion, which represents a growth of

Current event summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Current event summary - Assignment Example ents the global political scenario as the underlying cause of the widespread fear of inflation many people with philosophical mind are currently suffering from. Krugman negated all assumptions leading to the fear of inflation and tried to dilute the fear potion further by identifying deflation as a bigger danger than inflation. Krugman confesses that Federal Reserve is printing more money that apparently makes the circumstances favorable for inflation, yet there remains little chance of any rise in inflation given the banks are not willing to circulate the cash because of the widespread economic recession. This attitude of banks all over the world itself forwards a discouragement for the Federal Reserve with respect to printing more money. The author reiterates that the influence of debts on economical strength is very little and gives the real example of the Bank of Japan, that incurred large debts in the period between 1997 and 2003. Despite that, the consumer prices declined. Kurgman also put forward the examples of Canada, Belgium and Japan whose debts significantly crossed their G.D.P.s and still, the governments never thought about inflating the debt in order to finish it. Krugman emphasizes that the fear of inflation among public has been mainly inculcated by the economists who have adopted a biased approach towards the matter. Present age is an age of economic decline that has occurred globally. The global economic decline has fundamentally surfaced as a result of upsets in the political scenario all over the world, and the economical health of many countries has deteriorated. The area that has suffered the most because of the present economic recession is corporate business which has declined to extinguishment in many countries. People are not willing to invest money and other resources in business because they see little room for the expansion of business. People are aware of the fact that market is currently suffering from a scarcity of dollars.

Financial analysis and risk management of Kingfisher Plc Essay

Financial analysis and risk management of Kingfisher Plc - Essay Example The major retail brands of Kingfisher Plc are B&Q, Castorama, Brico Depot and Screwfix. The company is also operating in Turkey in 50% joint venture with Koc Group. The market capitalisation value of Kingfisher Plc is  £ 9100.92 million. The sales turnover of the company as on February 2014 was around  £ 11.1 billion and the pre-tax adjusted profit was  £ 744 million. Asia is its key sourcing market, along with Eastern Europe, Turkey, South America and Middle East. The main competitors of the company are Wolseley Plc, Homebase limited and Leroy Merlin (London Stock Exchange, 2014). The financing of the company includes a number of debt funding instruments such as, bank borrowings, leases, medium term notes and US private placement debt (Kingfisher, 2014b). Keeping in view the international nature of Kingfisher’s business and growing globalisation across the world, certain strategic factors need to be considered by the company regarding its geographical location, financing and its degree of completion. From competitive position, the company presently belong to one of the top-performing companies in retail sector and major strategic advantage of the company is its tendency to acquire small businesses. The company has undertaken joint venture to enter the Turkish market, which is considerably an important strategy. Hence, the company’s entry strategy differs from market to market. The SWOT analysis of Kingfisher Plc shows that the major strengths of the company are dominant market position, healthy business ratios and innovative products and services. The weaknesses include less investment in research and development and excessive dependence on France and UK market. The opportunities of the company are growth in e-retail an d global home improvement industry while the company can face threats like slow economic growth of European market, rising cost of manpower and high competition. The financial trend analysis has been done on last

The issue on war Essay Example for Free

The issue on war Essay The issue on war in our society today is sure to stir a hot debate. Much more among Christian circles. After 9/11 and the continuing war in Iraq, Americans and the world in general, had become divided along sharp lines. Most conservatives are more likely to support war while the liberals are more likely to oppose. It is quite interesting that wide support comes from the Evangelical Christians. A 2002 survey showed that Evangelicals were found to be the most supportive sector of the population who are in favor for the war in Iraq. Not a few were perplexed: isn’t this a contradiction to Biblical teachings? Is it not, that Christians were taught by Jesus to be â€Å"peacemaker† (Matthew 5:9)? Isn’t the God that they worship described as the â€Å"Prince of Peace† in the book of Isaiah (Isaiah9:6)? Does the Church go for war, with the belief that through this means it will triumph in love? Aren’t they instead, taught to love in order to prevent war? In both sides of this issue, we will find men and women who are truly sincere and honest upon their convictions. In fact, Scriptural tests can be found to support both â€Å"pro-war† and â€Å"anti-war† positions. Inherent upon these questions are also directed on whether God is either for or against war. The Old Testament is filled with battles and even indicates God directing or going out to battle with His people (as long as it is sanctioned by Him). On the other hand, the New Testament teachings seemed to contradict or oppose the ways written in the Old Testament. It is filled with teachings and different expressions of love for God, towards one’s neighbors and even to the point of loving one’s enemies. Does God’s Word run contradictory by itself; does God contradict Himself? Consequently, do Christians, as followers of Christ, express love at all times and never resort to the use of sword? Would this principle apply at all times, as exemplified by Jesus and the Christian martyrs who gave their lives to the point of death? Or should they follow Old Testament examples of going to war in order for peace and love to reign? This study attempts to answer how Christians can rejoice in serving a God of love, who is also a God of war. Also, this paper will try to demonstrate how the same power that lifted up and brought unspeakable joy to the saints of God, is the same power that worked through God’s mighty men, as they fought through battles and received victory, for as long as they lived in obedience to His instructions. II. The Nature/ Character of God It is important, that before we attempt to answer the questions mentioned above, one must lay first the proper foundation from which we will build our understanding of this particular issue. Before attempting to answer what God is for, we will first attempt to know what he is like. For much of what he does or does not do stems from who He is, and His character. He will never do anything that is out of His nature and character. Theologians have tried to describe God in various, different ways. He is known as the all-knowing, all-wise, all-powerful God. He is the source of substance from which all human virtues flow. He is the God who is able to do anything and everything; the one who possess everything GOOD that we would like to be. He is the only one who is omnipotent (all-powerful); omniscient (all-knowing); or omnipresent (present everywhere). God is a Spirit, who is eternal and ever living; the one, who has no beginning or end. He is a Person, referring upon Himself as â€Å"I am†, or the â€Å"Great I am†. In His person is the essence of love and He reveals Himself as a loving, merciful God. He is also holy meaning high above or cut above, and part of His holiness is His being righteous. No evil or wrong can be found in Him. Therefore, He alone is the righteous judge totally fair and just. The God that we speak of is no other than the Creator God. His power is what sustains the universe, existing outside creation. He is also present in it, which theologians call ‘immanent’, in which He sits as ruler over-all. Though He exists in nature, He is not nature, nor is He bound by the laws of nature. The best description of God was given by God Himself, through the name which He revealed of Himself to the Israelites, the name Yahweh. It is usually translated as â€Å"Jehovah† or â€Å"Lord†. The name is the hiphil tense of the Hebrew verb â€Å"to be†, which suggest to mean â€Å"He who causes (everything else) to be† (P. Robertson. Answers to 200 of Life’s Most Probing Questions). To know the name of God is to know His character. The names of God, found in the Bible, are God’s way of revealing Himself His nature and character. At the heart of everything that God is and does, lies in the essence of His very being that He is love. Love defines His character, and the reason for all His actions: â€Å"†¦. God is love† (I John 4:8b). God is eternally one, of a single mind and purpose, and unchanging. If God is love, he is love before the creation of the world until after the end of time. He was, is, and will always be. He never changes. His love is not dependent on our actions God is not love if I obey Him; vengeful if I disobey. All of His actions and purposes are consistent with love. Although much of the Old Testament records a lot of battles and wars, either with God directing the Israelites to fight or, the battles are directed against them with God’s sanction, this does not go against His loving character. Whichever, still God revealed Himself to Israel as one who loves and keeps His covenant of love-relationship with them (Deuteronomy 7:6-13a). III. The Kingdom of God Second foundation is, to acknowledge and to understand the existence of two spiritual kingdoms. A kingdom is a place where a king rules. For God’s kingdom, wherever God reigns, there His kingdom exists. The kingdom of God is not visible, nor determined by spatial boundaries. It is a spiritual kingdom, therefore not visible in the naked eye. Jesus Christ said, â€Å"The kingdom of God is within you† (Luke 17:21). Jesus gave his followers a pattern of prayer, commonly referred to as the Lord’s Prayer and in it a petition to God which says: â€Å"Your kingdom come. Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven† (Matthew 6:10). Jesus showed through this prayer, His priority of God’s kingdom. In the kingdom of God, everything is subject to God’s power, with no question. The kingdom of God is eternal. For now, it exists as an invisible kingdom here in our midst. Wherever there are those who honor Jesus Christ as the King and Lord over all, and wherever the Spirit of the King is, there is the kingdom of God. However, in the visible world, there is resistance to God’s will. This resistance is influenced by another kingdom, ruled by Satan. This kingdom led by Satan and his cohorts, is warring against God, His holy angels and his followers. It is also invisible to the naked eye. These two invisible kingdoms influence the visible world. Though the war has been won by Jesus on the Cross and his ascension to the right hand of God, the battle is still raging for the souls of men. IV. The Impact of the fall of Man The battle for man’s soul began with the first man, Adam. With Adam’s disobedience to the terms of his rule, man â€Å"falls† thereby experiencing the loss of his â€Å"dominion†. As man’s relationship with God is severed, who is the fountainhead of his power to rule, everything of his delegated realm (Earth) comes under a curse. Man loses the â€Å"life† power essential to ruling in God’s Kingdom. Moreover, through his disobedience to God and submission to the Serpent’s suggestions, man’s rule has been forfeited to the Serpent. In Revelations 12:9, it verifies that the spirit using the snake’s form was Satan himself. The domain originally delegated to man now has fallen to Satan (the prince of this world), who becomes administrator of this cursed realm. The Serpent’s â€Å"seed† and â€Å"head† show a continual line of evil offspring who carry out Satan’s rule. However, amidst the tragedy and bleak picture, God offers a way out. God, in his great love for man (despite their rebellion against Him), has moved His plan of redemption, and a plan to restore man’s lost estate through Christ Jesus, His only begotten Son. Thus, the battle for the soul of man, and man battling within himself (against his sinful nature), is real. V. Covenant Relationship A beautiful picture of God’s plan of redemption for all mankind is seen in His relationship with Israel. Salvation is for all, but God planted the ‘seed’ of salvation through the nation of Israel, choosing them as a holy people, separated for His plan and purpose. Through the Israelites, God battles to restore the mankind back to Himself, and save them from eternal punishment. VI. Conclusion A. The Victory of Christians As a conclusion, Every Christian should have spiritual victory. Robert Laurin, in Baker’s Dictionary of Theology, says: â€Å"Victory is above all a religiously conditioned concept in Scripture. This is rooted in the basic biblical principle that God is just, punishing sin and rewarding righteousness Victory is for the vindication of God’s purposes, or because of righteous living on the part of God’s people†¦ â€Å"In the OT victory is almost exclusively over external foes and issues in physical peace and security. But in the New Testament victory is expressed mainly in terms of spiritual forces and blessings. It is not triumph over social or economic difficulties that are the concern of the NT; it is mastery over temptation and the powers of evil†¦ â€Å"Thus victory is both present and eschatological. It is now that a Christian enters into the power and blessings of a triumph yet to find its complete realization in the future. † (See â€Å"Victory†). For all believers in Christ, the unseen world is not a fictional cosmos but a reality that had, and still continuous to have implication for all. Satan’s kingdom has waged war against the Creator God and his people, since the time of Adam, and has sought to bring defeat and disgrace to both. Martin Luther’s hymn, A Mighty Fortress Is Our God, says: â€Å"With cruel and dreadful might, he arms himself to fight; on earth he has no equal†. References: Robertson, P. Answers to 200 of Life’s Most Probing Questions. 1984 Johnson, IB. â€Å"God is Love†. 3rd chapter on Systematic Theology. â€Å"Truth†. http://www. inspiredbooks. com/Truth. htm â€Å"Victory†. Cited in Adult Teacher Supplement. 1969 Martin, M. â€Å"Spiritual Warfare: Biblical Armament for Victory†. http://www. answers. org/issues/spiritual_warfare. html Spirit Filled Life Bible. New King James Version. 1991

Acid Violence in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Acid Violence in Bangladesh Essay Acid throwing on women and girls are on the rise in Bangladesh. Of all the gender-based violence directed at women, one of the most horrific is acid attacks. Acids are used to disfigure and sometimes kill women and girls. Reported reasons for the acid-throwing attacks include the refusal of an offer of marriage, dowry disputes, domestic fights, and disputes over property.. For the last few years, it has been on the rise in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. Cheap and easy availability of acids makes it the most effective weapon for man to use against girls or young womens faces to prove that they have no right to deny a mans proposal and is one of the extreme forms of repression and violation of womens right. The consequence of acid attacks on survivors brings dramatic change in their lifestyle. Most of them have to give up their education or work. Social isolation, fear of further attacks, and insecurity damage their self-esteem and confidence. Illiteracy, poverty, threats to further retribution, and ignorance about legal support increase their miseries. Social awareness, economic and psychological support, rehabilitation, and strict enforcement of laws are key to combat acid violence in Bangladesh. Purpose: Our purpose here is to find out and show how many victims are there in Bangladesh. And show what are the reasons behind it, causes of Acid Throwing, and last but not the least the effects of acid throwing. Methodology: 1. Information Collection: We collected the information through internet basically. We also managed the information from some NGO’s like Asha, Mukti and Sheba. The daily newspaper was a great help. The Acid Survivor Foundation helped a lot. 2. Analysis Presentation: We have separated the analysis in some part. The parts are Causes of Acid Throwing, Effects of Acid Throwing, Prevention of Acid Throwing, Laws against Acid Throwing. Limitation: While preparing the report we have faced some problems like gathering Information, where to find it, how to present the reports, victims are not comfortable to talk about it and many other things, We tried to overcome this things and tried to make the report as best as possible.

Social Policy On Community Care Mental Health Provision Social Work Essay

Social Policy On Community Care Mental Health Provision Social Work Essay Social policy is a governments application for welfare development and social protection carried out in the community. The Margret Thatchers conservative administration and Tony Blairs labor administration had different approaches towards the issue of community mental health care policy. The policy made vital steps towards the right direction but met obstacles on the way complicating its sustenance and achievement of desired goals. Generally it is believed that the policy did not meet its desired goals of helping the mentally ill patients in the communal setting. Community care is the British policy of, deinstitutionalization treating and caring for mentally disabled people in their homes rather than in an institution or hospital. Institutional care was the target of widespread criticism prompting the government of Margaret Thatcher to adopt a new provision of community mental health care. This was after the Audit Commission published a report called making a Reality of Community Care which outlined the advantages of domiciled care (Baker, 1986). Social policy is influenced by a number of factors that include needs of the population; demands from groups, priorities of the community, specific societal issues and critical incidents. The major intend of social policy on community care is to keep people in their homes where possible, instead of giving them care in other institutions. It was almost taken for granted that this policy was the best option from a humanitarian and moral perspective. It was also thought that the policy would be cheaper (Baker, 1986). Therefore this paper will focus on Margaret Thatchers conservative government and Tony Blairs labor government to see how their different policy approaches have impacted upon the provision of community care of mental health. The paper will also be analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of both parties to ascertain where they have helped and where they have displayed poor services. Finally the paper will conclude by giving an insight on the impact of the current social p olicy on community mental health care. Margaret Thatchers administration and community health care policy When Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979, she made it clear that she would reduce public expenditure and make drastic changes for the betterment of the country.   She was acutely aware that Britains welfare state system needed urgent restructuring as it was costing the country too much money in the event putting the country into economic free fall.   Between 1979 and 1990 she successfully introduced changes to social policy, the organization and delivery of services and the role of the state welfare provision. As a result the era became known as Thatcherism. In 1983 the Mental Health Act was introduced by Margaret Thatchers government to  put in place safeguards for people within the hospital system. Section 117 of that act imposes a duty on district health authorities and social services departments in conjunction with voluntary agencies, to ensure that after Care service is provided for people after discharge from hospital. The approach taken by the conservative government to social problems was known as the market liberalism or neo-conservatism, and this was very influential in the way it operated. Thatcher believed in having a market economy allowing people to create their own wealth in the event taking care of themselves and their families without the interference of the government.   This approach was evident in the health care and community care reform brought on board in 1990. The aim of this act was to standardize and improve community care and establish duties for the English Health Authority.   This piece of legislations not only led the way in developing the new internal market system in health and social care but divided the organization of care into purchasers and providers of care thus creating an artificial market to increase efficiency.   It then caused a major development in the 1989 White Paper (Caring for people) as a response to the Griffins report. This was effectively putting the responsibility firmly at the doors of the health authorities and families thus freeing up more money to be put back into the system.   However, due to flaws within the assessments, lack of funding and the failing of community care, people were being discharged into the community without proper supervision, care, help and support. As a result of this some individuals became homeless ending up on the streets while some are being cared for by overstretched family with financial difficulties.   Despite of the positive approaches on Margaret Thatchers implementations she had some bad sides too.   As a result of these policies, a number of changes started to appear in the society, where members of families who suffered mental health had to rely on children to take care of them, which consequently put burden on them causing isolation, social exclusion and to some extent extreme poverty. Because of these negative impacts and lacking of a proper system in place for home care (proper monitoring and provision of communal health care officials to treat patients at home), Margaret Thatchers government was unable to adequately address the issue of community mental health care. Community mental care act 1990 In the act passed in 1990 on community care health services (NHS ACT 1990), individuals with mental problem difficulties were able to stay at their homes while being treated. This state of affairs raised concerns especially after some individuals with mental health problems were involved in violent behavior against members of the public. Even though the community has recorded a few murder cases caused by people having mental health difficulties, it is more probable that healthy individuals can as well attack the mentally ill. Mental Health is always portrayed in the media as negative but nothing has ever really been highlighted about the way people with mental ailments are being subjected to attacks and  abused on a daily basis from the general public. It is sad to note that no one seems to take account of their plight, not even the government.  So as much as this act made it possible for patients to be personally assigned specific community workers to monitor and take care of them, it posed a major risk in the community. These patients were under risk of being abused, attacked, neglected and untreated making the act look inefficient. Mental health patients eventually became uncontrollable ending up on the streets. These issues are usually prompting arguments between the public administration, health services officials and the department of social service on who should be held responsible of the whole matter. One such lack of help to detrimental effect was when Christopher Clunis, a mentally ill patie nt, stabbed and killed Jonathan Zito, an innocent person, in Finsbury Park tube station.   This could have been averted had there been proper home care and supervision provided.   These types of cases are common but there seems to be very little done to alleviate such tragedy. There ought to be no contentment therefore in ensuring good quality community care for patients with mental problems. The main challenges to the policy of the rundown traditional psychiatric hospital are the concern that homelessness is being increased among the mentally ill and the fear of public safety because of homicides by psychiatric patients (Mathews, 2002). Other issues involve appropriate assignment of social workers who would take care and monitor these patients. Over the last few years activists in opposition to community care have diverted their aggression to the concern of public safety. These has prompted the government of Britain to put into practice a key review on mental health policy. It is also apparent that issues on public safety are the ones driving the review. Tony Blairs governments approach on community mental health care When Tony Blair was elected the people had high expectation that he would put in order the NHS system.  Ã‚   Although he did not have any viable alternatives to the existing policies of Margaret Thatcher, he ridiculed them. He even used the same strategy to in his campaign resulting in a NHS historian, Charles Webster, calling it the meanest spending package on the health service since the second world war.  His promise to the people of the country was that he would not cause any structural upheaval to the NHS but he would carry out some reform which would be gradual involving consultation and experimentation. Unlike the decentralization that Margaret Thatcher adopted in her era which was against the nanny state mentality, the approach adopted by Tony Blair was that of a democratic society. Despite his belief that the government should play a greater part in monitoring what goes on in the society and intervene when necessary to ensure that fairness, he was tolerant with the idea of free enterprise. It has now been a decade since Tony Blairs government vouched that they would tackle the NHS mental health service with vigor promising that equal priority would be given to mental health issues as that of heart disease and other ailments. This is what was stated by the then health secretary Frank Dobson in 1999. The National Services Framework for mental health 1999 (ten years plan) promised seven standards of care and treatment, these standards included primary care, access to services, prevention of suicide   and caring about careers. Regardless of this the labor government under Tony Blair made some changes within the health service. His successor Gordon Brown is worse as he has not made much with the NHS. He set his sight on more cuts and closures which effectively caused more damage to an already damaged NHS.   He has not carried out the National Service Framework 1999 that had been promised by the labor government, so together they have failed to effectively implement the policies even though they have been in power considerably long. Their failures are also manifested further as the national frame work for mental health deadline expired last month and yet it still did not meet its targets. However the department of health announced a package of measures in January 2009 for the design and development of single sex accommodation within the health system. This will include a  £100 million Privacy and Dignity Fund for improvements and adjustments to accommodations. The new initiative came into effect as of Ap ril 2010 which was a big step in ensuring privacy needs of male and female patients are fully met. Still some changes have been made by the two previous governments and their respective leaders (the Margaret Thatchers conservative party (1979) and Tony Blairs 1997 labor party), with regards to the implementations of the Mental Health Act 1983 the NHS and Community Care Act 1990, and the National Service Framework Act 1999.   Even though it still appears that not much has been done to help especially members of the ethnic minority groups. There are still disparities in the way services are being distributed and how they are being treated as patients compared to their white counterparts.   For example, they are discriminated against  more and are more likely to be given higher dosages of anti-psychotic drugs or sometimes even put into seclusion. The Community Care Act 1990 was put in place mainly as a cost effective measure, thereby moving people with mental health issues out of hospitals into the community. However, some people are still not receiving the necessary care that was promised by the government, although to some extent they are being empowered by being encouraged to be more proactive in their own assessment and  care plans. Of late these provisions are ineffective as they do not meet the required specification. The organization of health services concerned with mental problem was simple previously before the current NHS and social reforms came into play. The government was responsible of the NHS and controlled fund allocation, functionality, and supervision of these health services. Local government played a very small role in the care for mentally ill individuals, there main was in housing and social work sustenance. Initially, it was the responsibility of sanatorium community divide. In the 1980s important reforms were made to both the NHS and social services. These reforms were largely aimed at changing the management arrangements for delivering general health care in the NHS and at reforming the community care of elderly people provided by social services. Little thought was apparently given to how the reforms would affect the care of mentally ill people. We believe that these changes, each of which on their own might have been valuable, have combined to damage provision of care, at least for severely mentally ill patients (Mathews, 2002). Mental health policy defines the vision for the future mental health of the population, specifying the framework which will be put in place to manage and prevent priority mental and neurological disorders. Therefore as shown in this paper the approach to the social policy on community care and mental health should focus on communal mental health problems and generate solutions for curbing these predicaments. The primary aim of this policy is to identify the most useful and efficient measure to successfully address these issues. On other hand the bringing of new policies in the mental health sector has totally transformed mental community care provision. Simple systems have been replaced with complicated organizational and financial structures requiring almost impossible feats by local health and social service staff to coordinate care for patients to whom continuity of care is critical for their survival in the community (Mathews, 2002). Critical mentally ill individuals are ensnared by these problematical issues. The formation of a community care authority that is localized which is accountable for the issue at hand could be the best solution.

Essay --

Develop a Personal Disaster Plan A natural disaster is any event that is caused by the force of nature on environmental factors that has catastrophic consequences. Natural disasters include: avalanches, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, impact events, landslides, mudslides, tornadoes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, typhoons, and volcanic eruptions [1]. I live in the state of Missouri and based on the geographical location it is frequently affected by natural disasters like Ice storms, tornados, severe storms, and flooding. Since the year 1990, Missouri has recorded more than 30 federal disaster declarations. Local government keeps track of disaster information locally and it is the responsibility of State Emergency Management Agency to work with the local government to make sure that they get all the information needed and then they integrate all the information and send it to the governor. Based on the intensity of the event, the governor may request the president to issue an emergency disaster declaration. [2] Advance Preparation: Preparing for the disaster in advance might save your life. So, it’s always a wise thing to prepare in advance. My steps are: †¢ Designing a floor plan for my apartment, this makes me aware of the doors and windows to get out of the building during emergency. †¢ Creating an emergency contact of a person who is residing out-of-state and name that person as ‘ICE’ in my phone’s contact list, because whenever we are involved in an accident the officials might call to that ‘ICE’(In Case of Emergency) contact. †¢ Registering to weather alerts and being aware of the climatic conditions. †¢ Keeping the first aid kit in an emergency location in your house. †¢ In case of tornados, planning a location which is beneat... ...t locate a restore point, so that all the members of the family meet at this point after the disaster. †¢ Periodic drills must be done to ensure that, all the members of family execute their plan as planned. †¢ Talk to the children’s school officials asking for disaster plan when the disaster hits during school hours. If they are not made support them by giving your own ideas. †¢ Update and discuss the plan with all the members of the family once a year. REFERENCES: 1. Natural Disaster. (2014). Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://www.hccmis.com/international-insurance-definitions/#N 2. SEMA. Declared Disasters in Missouri. Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://sema.dps.mo.gov/maps_and_disasters/disasters/ 3. Family Disaster Plan and Personal Survival Guide. Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/oes/docs/FamilyDisasterPlan.pdf

Volunteering: Contribution to the Community Essay -- Community Service

"Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it's the only thing that ever has." - Margaret Mead Volunteerism, in its conceptual form, includes the individual or collective efforts of willing individuals, known as volunteers, to act in ways which work toward the betterment of oneself, other individuals, communities, and/or society. This definition remains subjective in its ambiguity regarding the meaning of betterment, as well as in the sense that the means to bettering oneself may be in direct opposition to the means necessary to better another individual or society. Despite the subjectivity of this definition, this general description of volunteerism is necessary for communication within the same framework and reference in this discussion. In our Christian language, we may prefer to call volunteering, serving. Service moves from mere physical motions to human action (Wuthnow 1991: 45). Service incorporates all aspects of our humanity, instead of just the physical need at hand. Love, justice, compassion, action, presence, and understanding embody the cultural framework of Christian service, to which this human action refers. Service goes a step further than volunteering one's free afternoon to dish out food at a local soup kitchen; it sits down and eats with the homeless and shares in their experiences. The general volunteer trend in the United States is one in which an individual volunteers his/her time, services, or funds. As Newsweek's article "Powell's New War" demonstrates, most Americans perceive volunteering as: an act in which one must do something and nice gesture which has benefits. Though this observation is a generalization, rarely do Americans view voluntee... ...l as in the method to accomplish it. One connection however, is their similar quest for creating a framework of support in which persons can feel valued and needed. The idea of accompaniment reflects a similar notion of the mentoring relationship found in Powell's model of volunteerism. The difference, however is that mentors take on a parental role, while the goal of accompaniment is to stay away from any sign of paternalism. Works Cited Aaker, Jerry. Partners With The Poor, New York: Friendship Press, 1993. Alter, Jonathan. "Powell's New War." Newsweek 28 April 1997: 27­37. Chambers, Robert. Rural Development: Putting the Last First. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983. Ohrt, Wallace. Accidental Missionaries. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 1991. Wuthnow, Robert. Acts of Compassion. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.

At the Tomb of the Inflatable Pig :: essays research papers

Introduction Through the eyes of a British man Paraguay is pictured as a country of eccentricity and contradiction, of beguilingly individualistic men and women. As this TP was written my points of view was the most important information source, disagreeing with the author in some of his statements. He describes a dirty country, and in my defence it is not like that. In relation to the title, in the cover of the book is the photo of a pink pig. It does not say why, but I suppose that it would be on sale in the market and called his attention. Or perhaps, the Inflatable Pig was a premonition of its book: Great by outside, emptiness on the inside. AT the Tomb of the Inflatable Pig Is a book about Paraguay written by John Gimlette, an English lawyer who has come here in Paraguay for visit. But from its beginning, the book is full of errors and plagued of hatred towards Paraguay. â€Å"Paraguay is not merely isolated, it is almost impenetrable†, why does he said that? Our country is open to travel in and out, for my personal experience, Paraguay is neither isolated nor impenetrable, and I would travel with no problem at all, if I had the means. Commerce in general terms is good here, we import as much as we export. â€Å"It has become a refuge to Nazis, cannibals, strange sixteenth-century Anabaptists, White Russians and fantastic creatures that ought long ago to have been extinct†. â€Å"The Paraguayans describe their landlocked nation as ‘South America’s Switzerland’. In truth, it is its Cinderella†. I do not know anyone who thinks that Paraguay is the ‘South America’s Switzerland’ as he mentioned. â€Å"A by-product of Paraguay’s strong kinship and oral traditions is that no one agrees on anything. History is largely a matter of opinion†, again, he is completely wrong, why he did not ask some of the good, excellent historians that this country has. It describes the life in Paraguay of that time so excellently that it is peculiar that a man so misinformed as Gimlette that writes a book plagued of errors, has called the attention of the â€Å"elite press†, North American. The book was published originally by Hutchinson in London, in 2002. The U.S.A. version just got out. -- This is the second book recently written by an English about Paraguay. In both, the writers did not scrimp poison.

Film Genres Essay

Film genres hold a great influence on the type of music chosen to appear. Music must fit the theme and tone of films in order to convey emotions accurately. Between 1935 and 1939, films began to be widely segmented by genres. Many of the films didn’t fit just one genre, these films where categorized in two or more genres and their music reflected this hybrid quality. The film The Informers is categorized as being in a dramatic genre. The music of the film is greatly influenced by this genre. The main theme in the film is a very suggestive, creating drama about the characters future fate. The music builds up expectations and questions about what will happen in the rest of the film. The music in these types of dramatic films are usually toned lower to create mystique and the music is then sped up and heightened in the most climactic scenes of the film to create a great sense of drama as the genre entitles. One of the films during this time to have a hybrid genre was The Bride of Frankenstein, which shares a horror and comedic genre. The horror influenced music in the film can be heard over exaggerating the qualities of the characters. The music used to represent these horror aspects is simple, yet effective. The monster’s theme in this film only consisted of five notes which included harsh clashes. The use of two adjacent pitches creates a jarring effect in the music which develops into suspense. The comedic influence in the music of this film can be heard in the form of dance music played to create a light hearted mood to the characters. These comedic songs are very light without the harsh beats of the horror inspired ones. â€Å"The Adventures of Robin Hood† is a film included in the action genre. This film uses a full orchestration, emphasizing brass and percussion sounds to create the sense of action. Loud dynamics, passage of quick notes, and irregular and hard accents are tools in action films to create a hectic situation, suggesting a chaotic environment. These tools are used thoroughly in the fight scenes involving the main character, Robin Hood. The music emphasized the movements during these battle scenes and warns of the dangers the character are facing. The first feature film to fit in the animation genre was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. This genre of film consists of an abundance of continuously playing music through the film. The songs are very simple and brief which delighted the public who wanted to simply enjoy a film. These short and simple characteristics of these songs also made them quite catchy and easily  remembered by those who watched these types of film. The movements of the characters in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs are also accentuated in a â€Å"Mickey Mousing† technique that provides a light hearted touch to the characters in the animation. A films genre will definitely dictate the music that can be used in the film. The right music for a film will allow the emotions of the film to easily move past to the audience. The right music for the film genre helps emphasize the genre and create a more enjoyable experience for those viewing the film.

Maggie: a Girl of the Streets

Stephen Crane wrote universey short stories, integrity of which was Maggie A Girl of the Streets. His stories contained various aspects of Naturalism, a literary movework forcet that sought to bend a believable everyday reality, as opposed to Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. Poverty, guy and a survival of the fittest way of life history created an purlieu which Maggie was negatively influenced by. Her milieu is made up of many circumstances that affect her, sensation of which is penury. Maggie grew up in scantness, living step up her childhood in a flashy apartment in Rum every last(predicate)ey.This scantiness influenced her beliefs. The story says when Pete arrived Maggie, in a wearied black rationalize, was waiting, (18). In comparison, Pete was verbalize to wear nice clothes such(prenominal) as his blue double-breasted coat, advance with black braid, butt one and only(a)d close t o a res puff tie, and his patent-leather shoes, (14). Maggie has her worn dress and as such she sees herself as lowly. The kernel of the poverty is emphasized when Maggie, while discover Pete, ponders She vaguely tried to calculate the elevation of the pinnacle from which he must be in possession of looked down upon her, (16).This statement shows how, at this come reveal in her life she sees other state above her. The poverty caused her to think this way- it influenced her in ways so subtle and however so big. It was this opinion caused by the poverty which led to her seeking come on Petes strength. The poverty stricken surround in which Maggie lived is one in which only the beardown(prenominal) survive or one who conforms. The women ar described as formidable women, with unkempt hair and disordered dress, (4). They are survivors. They abide no time for looking nice, they are working to be unafraid and survive.Maggie, on the other hand, grew to be a al most(prenomi nal) rare and wonderful production of a tenement district, a pretty girl, (13). She is not strong in that aspect and as such she sought out a strong person, Pete. When seeing him she thinks Here was a formidable man who disdained the strength of a world full of fists. Here was one who had contempt for brass-clothed power one whose knuckle could defiantly ring against the granite of law. He was a knight, (16). She became enamored with his strength and defiance. He proclaims how massive of a fighter he is and as a result she gravitates towards him so he can be her knight.He could protect her. This thinking that she requisite a strong man was a result of her environment. It was survival of the fittest and her onrush at survival was attaching herself to a strong man. Another time in which she had to adapt in order to survive was when she was walkway down the streets Soon the girl spy that if she walked with such apparent aimlessness, slightly men looked at her with calculating ey es. She quickened her step, frightened. As a protection, she adopted a demeanor of labor as if going somewhere, (47). This quote emphasizes the item that in order to survive she needed to adapt to the streets.Throughout all of Maggies life there was, on top of the poverty and the primal instinct for survival, delirium and offense in her home. Violence and maltreatment was a constant in Maggies life. The wildness and abuse affected her psychology. Both the physical beatings and the lack of parental figures as a result of the abuse cause her to do differently than she would if she had a beget who love her and a stable household life. Maggie repeatedly refers to her mother as the woman or the mother such as in the quotes the eyes of both were drawn, by some force, to stare at the womans face, (10).She does not talk of Mary as her mother instead Maggie refers to her as another(prenominal) woman. This happened as a result of the violence shown to her from Mary she does not trust her mother. Her mother then proceeds to, later on in Maggies life, kick Maggie out of the apartment because she does not like Maggies boyfriend, Pete. Mary tells Maggie Yehve gone the deh devil, Mag Johnson, yehs knows yehs fill gone the deh devil. Yer a disgrace the yer people, swear yeh. An now, git out an go ahn wid digital audiotape doe-faced jude of yours.Go the hell wid him, damn yeh, an good riddance. Go the hell an see how yeh likes it, (27). This verbal abuse is something which Maggie has lived with all her life. This quote is the climax in Maggies life. The abuse from her mother pushes her out of the apartment and to her subsequent death. All of the abuse and violence influenced Maggie and caused her to have a messed up life. Ultimately throughout Maggies life, she was influenced by her environment. Her life would have evolved in a completely different way than in Maggie A girl of the Streets.The environment in which one grows up in is crucial in life. The environment is one where children swindle from and it influences who they will be. For some people their environment influences them for the better, and in other cases, like with Maggie, it is for the worse. All abuse, the poverty and survival of the fittest environment mince to her early death. Had those factors not been there she most likely would have lived a vast and great life. But, those factors where there in her environment and that is the reality of life, not everything is perfect.