Comparison Between International Law and National Law

Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of national and international law. To what extent can they be said to be similar or different? Introduction The world has witnessed the development of law since times immemorial in response to growing interaction among the individuals resulting in a need for a framework to regulate their interactions in the territories they live in. Similarly, ever since the interaction between the states has increased, the evolution of International Law has evolved accordingly side by side the National Law regulating the relations among the states.The growing role of both National Law and International Law in their respective spheres and in intersecting spheres has given rise to a debate over their relation to each other. International Law: International Law is the law that governs the relations among states and other international legal persons, and regulates relations between states. The sources of International Law are customs grown up among state s and lawmaking treaties concluded by them.There is no â€Å"black or white† answer, the most agreed upon common ground for the description of sources is found, although not exhaustively, in article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. Stating that treaties are the main source, then come customs, after those general principles of law recognized by civilized countries, and finally judicial decisions and teachings of the most highly qualifies publicist of the various nations. National law: National law is the law of a state, which governs the domestic affairs of the state.The sources of Municipal Law are customs grown up within the boundaries of the state concerned and statutes enacted by the law giving authority. Municipal Law regulates relations between the individuals under the sway of a state and the relations between the state and the individual. Strengths and Weaknesses of International Law and National Law: 1. National law is conditioned by the fundam ental principle or rule that state legislation has to be obeyed, while International Law is conditioned by the principle â€Å"pacta sunt servanda† i. . agreements between states are to be respected—which leaves International Law helpless as to the implementation of its rules and regulations over the states in the absence of any enforcing body vis-a-vis National Law which has the state apparatus at its disposal for its implementation in the form of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Moreover, each nation can opt out of international treaties if it deems that it is not in line with its national interest, which exposes the major weakness of International Law. 2.International Law is slow to adapt to the changes that are taking place in the world and even slower to absorb changes and encompass them into its existing framework. To add to its problems, the states act individually in accepting any changes in its framework and have the option of not complying with the law if they do not agree to do so. Whereas the national law keeps on improving in response to the changing requirement of the society thus it is in sync with the cultural, economic, and political developments of the states. 3.The technological advancement and globalization have spawned new problems beyond the capacity of National Law to be solved such as the regulation of outer space, the division of the deep sea ground, the protection of human rights, anti-terrorist actions, the control of international finance system, the prevention of global warming etc. These issues have increased the relevance and importance of International Law in the contemporary world due to its wide range of jurisdiction as compared to the limited jurisdiction of National Law. 4.Question of priority: Scholars belonging to Dualist point of view assert that the two laws are not to supersede, but to coordinate with each other; therefore, there is no conflict between the two. If a case in which conflict arises betw een International Law and municipal law before an International Tribunal, the practice is to prefer the International Law over the municipal law. Where conflict arises in a case before a municipal Court (except where the state has adopted the International Law to supersede, by constitution or law), the national law is preferred. 5. Where does primacy reside: in International Law or in national law.If International Law has drawn its validity only from state constitution, it would necessarily cease its validity when authority rested upon disappears. But valid operation of International Law does not invalidate its importance and regard. For example, after Belgium became independent state, treaties had not lost their force despite internal constitutional changes. The International Law also asserts its supremacy when new states enter in international society and International Law binds them without their consents. Every state is duty bound to bring not only its laws but also its constitu tion in accordance with International Law. . In states, the practice as to apply International Law by municipal courts is different from each other. Some states have interpreted in their constitution to apply International Law and therefore, their courts are bound to apply International Law such as Germany, Korea, USA, etc. But in most states, the courts apply International Law conditioned upon the precedence and the practices of the state. Similarities Scholars belonging to the Monist view consider both the laws as a single unity composed of binding legal rules whether those rules are obligatory on states, on individuals, and on entities other than states.If it is generally accepted that International Law is a true law then there is no doubt to deny that the two systems constitute part of that unity. In the view of Kelson and other monist writers, there cannot be any escape from the position that the two systems, because they are both systems of legal rules, are interrelated parts of one legal structure. It is the duty of state to enforce the International Law as the state law in its jurisdiction. Just as National Law aims at building and maintaining an orderly society within a state, International Law aims at maintaining a peaceful stability of the global community.Differences There are two basic differences between the two systems: 1. Subject of law: In national law subjects are individuals whereas states are solely and exclusively subjects of International Law. 2. Juridical origin: In state, source of law is will of the individuals for which they are concerned while in international law source of law is common will of the states concerned. Thus this provides a base to the Positivist scholars to claim that the two systems are entirely different.National law mainly is based on judge made law and the statutes passed by legislature whereas International Law is comprised of the customary rules and treaties among the states. Malcolm Shaw delineates this differen ce by describing the legal apparatus of law as having a legal order enunciating that laws are created by a recognized legislating body, there is a hierarchical system of courts which sees to their enforcement, and there is an overarching executive governing entity above all citizens.This makes national law inherently hierarchical, and the organization of authority vertical. As for international law, it does not operate within the same legal order. It is not always created by a unique legislative body (although the UN General Assembly may create nonbinding multilateral agreements), nor tried in a unified judicial body with the power to apply legally binding sentences (even if there is the International Court of Justice and many other international courts), neither applied by an overarching international executive body.Additionally, it has no unified system of sanctions, other than the existence of certain circumstances in which the use of force is regarded as justified and legal (cha pter VII of the UN Charter). Reinforcing this point, Article 2 of the UN Charter states: The Organization is based on the principle of sovereign equality of all its Members, which means that there is no overarching authority recognized over them. The fact that all states are theoretically equal, makes the international system horizontal, as opposed to the vertical one of the national level.In this sense, if there is no overarching international authority to impose international law. Every state must give its consent in order to be bound by it. By doing so, a consenting state lets the international community know that it will follow the principles and directives of that law. Contrary to this, citizens are automatically bound by domestic law. No citizen needs to let other citizens know he will follow the rules. Conclusion: Each and every system is supreme in its own field and neither has dominance over the other. Arguments offered just provide a background to the complex relations bet ween the two systems.Three factors operate on the subject matter: Firstly, to what extent state organs are willing to apply rules of International Law internally and externally. Secondly, the difficulty of proving the existence of particular rules of International Law. In case of difficulty municipal courts may rely on advice from the executive or existing internal precedents, and the result may not be in accordance with an object appreciation of the law. Thirdly, courts, both municipal and international, will often be concerned with the more technical question as to which is the appropriate system to apply to particular issues arising.

John Coltrane

To the public he is known Just as another Jazz musician but for those with a more in depth music appreciation he remains one of the most significant saxophonists in jazz history. John â€Å"Trans† Chlorate's impact on the music world was quite considerable. By revolutionize music with his own techniques Chlorate changed jazz music forever. Chlorate was a American Jazz saxophonist, composer, bandleader, and iconic figure of the twentieth century. As a Jazz singer and Jazz enthusiast myself, Chlorate's techniques and music is not on impacting but created an emotional connection between Jazz and me.Author Lewis Porter says Chlorate was â€Å"one of the great musical artists of the twentieth century' (Porter 1) in his book â€Å"John Chlorate: His life and music†. I chose to read about Chlorate because of his great influence on me involving my newfound love for Jazz. His life and achievements amazed me Just as much as the first time I heard his melodies come out of his ten or saxophone. His use of modes in Jazz later helped pioneer new beginnings in free Jazz and influence a plethora of future generation musicians. Lewis Porter, a professional Jazz scholar and performer, meticulously researchedChlorate's life and wrote about his success despite having a very demanding lifestyle. Dedicating his life to music at a very young age by playing the clarinet and then eventually moving on to play in a Ana band in Hawaii for a year after discovering the Be saxophone was all difficulties he faced early on in his life. The tasks themselves weren't difficult but experiencing them all at the age of twelve soon after his aunt, grandparents, and father passed away within a few months of the same year these tasks became almost impossible. After his fathers death Chlorate's performance in school changed drastically. Rather than being a top student, he became an indifferent student, earning many Co's† (Porter 18). Although his determination for schoolwork declined it seems that after his father's death music was Chlorate's safety net. â€Å"He began playing music around this time and it may be true that perhaps music was too much on his mind. But more to the point, his obsession with music was a way of dealing with the tragedies in his life† (Porter, 18). Another obstacle Chlorate was forced to deal with was segregation. Although violence was not something commonly mound in Chlorate's town â€Å"there were constant reminders of second-class status† (Porter 19).Schools, restaurants, fountains, and more were segregated. â€Å"If the white schools got new books one year, the blacks might have got them a few years later. They got used books from the white schools† (Porter 19). Due to the hardships of segregation, Chlorate, his mother, and sister desperately tried to better their lives. After his fathers death John Chlorate's family soon went from middle class to poor. Chlorate's cousin, who lived with Chlorate for many years , recalled, â€Å"after his father eased, things changed. Our mothers had to go to work, and my aunt and my mother worked together at a country club.John used to shine shoes there. No one really knew how we lived, but we had to rent our bedrooms and we all slept downstairs. My mother, John, and I all slept in the dining room. We had cots. And John was sick there, he had some sort of- not asthma, but we had to sit up with him at night. This went on for a long time† (Porter 20). During Chlorate's senior year of high school his mother decided to move to Philadelphia to obtain a greater income. Sure enough Chlorate radiated from High Point High School along with the superlative â€Å"Most Musical†.After graduation he bought an apartment with his mother in Philadelphia. Along with the apartment Chlorate's mother bought a piano. â€Å"Johns mother had a piano-a tall upright that housed a working player piano unit. John began to work toward becoming a professional Jazz music ian† (Porter 24). Many say that John Chlorate was destined to be a musician. He was surrounded by music as a child. Before his father's early death, Chlorate's father had a love for music. His father played several instruments and his interests later influenced him. Not only was his father passionate about music but so was his mother. Chlorate's mother was musical-she sang and also played piano' (Porter 25) John Chlorate's cousin said â€Å"we had a big radio in the living room that stayed on all the time. We listened to everything†¦ We listened to Frank Sinatra, everybody, you name it. He and I would turn the radio up loud so that we could hear it in the kitchen† (Porter 26). Chlorate's first instrumental training was with a community band where he bean on an alto horn. At that time Chlorate said, â€Å"l hadn't decided yet to become a repressions musician. I learned a little bit haphazardly, without any system, Jus enough to play a song or two.This was my first contact-so to speak- with music† (Porter 28). Around the fall of 1940 is when Chlorate fist became interested in the saxophone. Chlorate chose the sax because of his admiration for tenor saxophonist Lester Young. Soon Chlorate mastered the tenor saxophone. â€Å"There was a room in his house he would use Just to practice. He played everyday, all day long. And then he would stop to get ready to go to work that night. Music was really his life† (Porter 254). Not only was Chlorate a hard working musician, he was in a thriving city for the arts at the time, Philadelphia. Philadelphia nurtured a thriving Jazz community in the sass's† (Porter 35). Lucky for Chlorate, right by his apartment was the Woodbine Club, â€Å"where local musicians would Jam on the weekends† (Porter, 36). As of 1945, right after graduating high school at the age of sixteen, Chlorate started to pick up on professional gigs and performances in Philadelphia. He soon became close friends with a pianist and guitarist and formed a trio that performed in cocktail ears around the city. Soon after his trio formed Chlorate Joined the ‘musicians union'.Unfortunately, with World War II raging Chlorate was forced to put his music career in Philadelphia on hold once he was drafted into the Navy. Once discharged Chlorate bean to develop a new approach to music based off of multiple musicians he had encountered over the years. â€Å"Chlorate had been under the spell of Johnny Hodges, the celebrated loyalist from Duke Elongation's band. Chlorate had a special penchant for romantic ballads that perhaps even dated back to his late father's taste† (Porter 1). Chlorate was outgoing and put himself out into the music scene at a young age. He was not, as one might have thought, a great talent who took a long time to get recognized. He was, rather, someone who did not begin with obvious exceptional talent, and that makes his case all the more interesting-one can become one of the great musicians of all time and not start off as some kind of prodigy' (Porter 44). John Chlorate came across many obstacles throughout his childhood and music career. Lewis Porter shared Chlorate's story wonderfully, showing that the struggle he faced were not strong enough to stop him from doing what he loved to do, play music. Chlorate wanted his music to be a force for good, and I think it has been. One doesn't have to be religious to find Chlorate's expression of spirituality profoundly moving and important† (Porter 300). Even though Chlorate's death was over fifty years ago, through his music he remains alive. Chlorate will be forever one of the best because of his accomplishments in the study of Jazz music.

Opinion Writing (Intellectual Property Law) Essay

Opinion Writing (Intellectual Property Law) - Essay Example rge companies often operate in order to entertain needs and wants of elite social class because of its higher buying power whereas, smaller competitors work in order to cater consumerism of middle and lower classes of the community. 6. The first one has its eyes fixed on construction industry whereas, the second one is producing toys for kids and any reasonable man is going to ask how can Loge overcome Clinker’s market share or hurt its brand image because they are not targeting construction managers to buy their products. 7. In simple terms, it is madness to consider Loge as a competitor for Clinker. The court of law will presumably say that Loge has no apparent intention to hurt Clinker and if they want to then they cannot do that because of lack of resources and relevant market strategy. 8. More clearly, Loge has no distant plan to enter construction industry and on the other hand, Clinker has no plans to produce toys for kids in future and when they develop such strategic outlines then they are most welcome to fight the legal battle out until then they should remain at peace with each other. Clinker will be advantageous by not firing the weapon on Loge and that benefit will be discussed at a later stage of the paper. 2. The Clinker can also send the company a legal notice threatening it about legal action if they do not remove their logo which is using Clinker’s registered items such as the Grey Background Color and Bricks. 3. However, the case can be filed under Section 8 of American Constitution. However, the application of the law is going to be problematic at best because it is only commonsense not to consider Clinker and Loge as competitors because the law states that competitors cannot have the right to copy each others’ colors and logos as it will cause them to eat away brand image and market share. 4. The case will not stand on solid logical grounds in the court of law whereas, the Loge will most probably walk away with the logo and both the

Factory Girls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Factory Girls - Essay Example Having read and comprehended Leslie T. Chang’s Factory Girls, I would like to categorically state that the decision of the girls to relocate from the village to the urban centers was a sign of progress. However, challenging it was, it put them in the right path of improving their lives and moving towards the achievement of their goals. Indeed, the living conditions in the rural China at the time were quite depressing. It was quite unpleasant for the young girls to live in deplorable conditions characterized poverty, hunger and other social agonies. This necessitated their move to the urban centers to look for jobs and better living conditions. Had it not been for their movement, they would not have managed to get employment opportunities, acquire new clothes, fashionable shoes, mobile phones and manage to send money back to their families. To explore this topic, I would like to use Lu Qingwin (Min) as a case study. After getting fed up with the poor living conditions in her rural home, she opts to immigrate to the urban centre. Here, she hopes to lead a totally new life. She is convinced that relocating to the town will enable her to get a job and enjoy the pleasant town life. Even if she is faced with several problems, such as poor living conditions in the overcrowded dormitories, loneliness, low wages, long working hours, late salary payments, heavy fining policy on petty offenses, she lands into a job. It was a sign of progress because it granted her a chance to improve her life, further her education through attending evening classes, make new friends like Huang Jiao’e and Liang Rong and get money to buy clothes and high-heeled shoes and send back to her poor parents in the village. Had she not gone to the town, she would not have acquired such level of exposure. These are things which were unheard of in th e villages

Evolution of video gaming and computer networking Research Paper

Evolution of video gaming and computer networking - Research Paper Example This happened because terminals were able to connect to their host computers through a leased telephone line or dial up. Due to the increased remote access, scientists created â€Å"host based† games wherein users connected to a central computer through a remote system played singly. Soon after, there came multiplayer games. In 1967, a Sanders Associate by the name Ralph Baer put into writing the first video game called â€Å"Chase† that played on a television set (Allen & Denton, 2010). As time went by, computer-networking technology started maturing as in the 1970s, there were introductions of packet based computer technology. As such, in 1971, Nolan Bushnell in association with Ted Danby came up with the first arcade game, which was a Computer Space game and based on Space War earlier created by Steve Russell. A year later, (1972) Nolan Bushnell and his associate completed the creation of the arcade game Pong with the support of Al Alcorn and started the Atari Comput ers the same year (Jason, 2004). The first operators of the arcade included Larry Kerecman. In his memoirs, Larry wrote that, the brilliance and the most astonishing fact about the arcade game was that Nolan and the Company took what Russell programmed in his game Space War and transformed it into a much simpler version of the game without gravity by use of hard-wired logic circuits (Wallace, 2007). Ideally, the circuits printed on the boards of these games composed of electronics that used integrated circuits commonly referred to as â€Å"small scale integrated circuits†. Creation of Ethernet Years between 1973 and 1975 witnessed, the creation of Xerox PARC developed on a Local Area Network that based on Ethernet hence allowed the creation of Local Area Networks founded on... Currently, there are considerable eight generations of video game consoles whereby the sixth, the seventh, and the eighth are as of today ongoing. The history of human-computer interaction has its beginnings written in the 1950s. In the year 1952, S. Douglas acquired his PhD degree at the Cambridge University and wrote a book on Human-Computer interaction. The first version of graphical computer game that Douglas created was the Tic Tack Toe. He programmed the game on an EDSAC vacuum tube computer that contained a cathode ray tube display. In the midst of 1980s, video games evolution bred systemic characteristics, which led to the release of video games such as Battle Zone, Bards Tale, and Zork. The 1990s was video computer’s golden age as it gave birth to a huge number of game publishers and developers such as Electronic Arts, Activism, id Software and Blizzard. From a graphics and design point of imaging, the evolution of video games was great and continues to be greater. Today there is up to the eight generation of video games and computer networking. The latest generations of consoles has seen online gaming rise to prominence with the introduction of mobile games that made it possible for gamers to access video games anywhere anytime just by touching a button. As the motion control revolutionized game play, Nintendo capitalized on casual gaming and as time went by, cloud computing came to video gaming. Technology made it clear that people could play without controllers on November 4 2010 with the release of Kinect in the Northern America. After the release of play station Vita, Nintendo released an official statement that announced a system aimed at succeeding Wii called project cafà ©.

Supply chain strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Supply chain strategy - Essay Example Supply chain strategy calls for alignment of the strategy of the business house with that of suppliers, distributors and even customers to have improvements in operations, shipping and logistics. However supply chain management have gained significant importance in the recent past, it has its own complexities and challenges. The supply chain management is complex due to its organic nature and the boundaries of its stability are not defined. The lack of visibility and inability to identify constraints leads to issues like increased cost, time and risks. Also managing bottlenecks is a major issue in supply chain management. Thus there is a constant need of models that can comprehend the complexities and provide a better visibility of the supply chain management. There is a need for developing better processes for standards and also the need for international e-commerce, e-business and e-supply (Birchak, n.d.). The British Army is considered to be one of the most reputed armies in the world because of their discipline. Apart from fulfilling their duties of protecting their own country they have also been involved in some major operations to help build a safer world in places like Balkans, Gulf, East Timor, Afghanistan and Iraq. Due to their huge presence globally there is an inherent need of the latest supply chain management techniques that would deliver the right ammunitions and resources at the right place and of course with military precision timing. Thus the role of supply chain management is huge in the British Army (Army, n.d.). E-Supply chain is driven by the internet enabled information and is significance in the global arena. Supply chain visibility is necessary requisite for e-supply chain. The visibility can be achieved by integrating the information system of all the supply chain partners. By automating the supply chain greater productivity can be achieved

Evaluation of the Financial Statements of Ford and General Motors Research Paper

Evaluation of the Financial Statements of Ford and General Motors - Research Paper Example The company manufactures cars worldwide, which includes countries like Canada, Mexico, United States, China, UK, and many other countries. General Motors was among the top auto-makers of the world and one of the most well-known in America. The objective of the company was to be the most successful automaker in a span of 5 years and also ensure that the marketing strategies such as e-commerce technologies are utilized for the overall growth of the organization. The mission of the company was to become the most respected automakers in the world. General Motors was indeed successful in moving towards its goals. We would be presenting a comparative analysis of the financial statements of both the companies to evaluate the financial status of both General Motors and Ford. The financial analysis would include evaluation of the financial statements of Ford and General Motors, which would assist in understanding the revenue and profitability of the two companies and the operating expenses that the company has to bear. The financial data for the last 2 years has been studied for such purpose. We would be considering the financial highlights of General Motors after its restructuring. The market share of General Motors has increased by 0.4 percent in 2011 from 11.9 percent in the year 2010. Even a hike of 13 percent has been recorded in sales than the last year. General Motors had to downsize due to bankruptcy, so after restructuring the company created 17,500 jobs in America. The company also added around 3,400 dealerships more in US alone to provide better services to customers and a wonderful sales experience. In the Asian market such as China, General Motors has again gained its leadership position. The revenue in 2011 has been recorded to be $ 150 billion, which was $ 135.6 billion in 2010. Similarly, the net income was $ 4.7 billion in 2010, which has increased to $ 7.6 in 2011.  

Controlling Bureaucracy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Controlling Bureaucracy - Article Example At times one unit is seen superior when it implements its functions effectively. This makes its functions seen; thus people referring it superior than the others. As you put, none is more superior to the other, except only on the fact that which unit is carrying out its duties effectively. Otherwise, I totally agree that all have equal control powers. Your analysis is very exhaustive. It is true that a particular control unit may be ineffective to serve the people. Basing on the life examples you have given, it is true that people can impact a control system of a particular unit. This only is applicable when ordinary citizens vote wisely when electing their political leaders. In that case, your vote counts. This will limit the ineffectiveness of the popular control of elected officials. Each control unit has specific roles over bureaucracy. For instance, legislature may not have powers to overrule the president nor the elected officials. It carries its control duties as per the constitution. Likewise, the judiciary is superior by its own in executing its functions. Although the president is the commander in chief of the armed forces, he has to rule within his control limits. This shows that each control unit is superior in its side. However, one may be seen less effective, depending on the measure of power assigned to implement p articular duty. For your case you are right to say that this is more effective than the other, but with reference to executing particular

On the Origin of the Scythed Chariots Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On the Origin of the Scythed Chariots - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  Alexander is trying to reason about the role of reconstruction. As a distinguished scholar, he takes this opportunity to look for possible evidence that can help in unveiling the exact origin of this weapon. After acknowledging that this mater still remains a contentious issue, he goes ahead to state that he disagrees with Hesychius, but concurs with Xenophon for linking the chariot to King Cyrus the Great. Nonetheless, he concludes by saying that a lot of research still needs to be conducted by looking for all the available evidence that can help in shedding more light on this mater.This paper declares that  the reporter expresses his pleasure with this author for writing about scythed chariots. Having keenly gone trough his analysis, he concluded that it is a product of a vigorous research because it was based on a collection of necessary evidence. Also, the author provided exhaustive explanation to prove his point. For instance, his position t hat this type of chariot was used during the ancient times is accurate. He digs deeper into explaining that the chariot was used at a time when horses had not become stronger as they are today. This is why they were pulled by human beings. He explains this is a candid manner that makes it easier to comprehend by anyone who is interested in knowing about the origin of this weapon.  Alexander’s illustrations are up to the expected standard.

The Difference in Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

The Difference in Race and Ethnicity Essay I have had an opportunity to read three great short stories. The short stories were The Welcome Table, Country Lovers, and Child of the Americas. All of them were amazing stories, betraying ethnic challenges, and some responsibilities. I think overall, everyone should read those stories in order to get certain perspective on culture, and understanding on how they lived during the time frame in their life. I also think the short stories provide an understanding in some respects, of how racial divide was apparent during that timeframe. As far as a declarative statement on this matter, I would like to show examples of the literature readings as it correlates with the perspectives of the racial divide, segregation, and overall trials in which ethnic individuals have had to go through. The assertion, I would like to provide is that, short stories can be a direct reflection on time periods that are occurring in life in spite of it being fiction. Our ancestors lived in a time of slavery and segregation. There was no unity between mankind unless the skin color was the same. There was no equality between man and woman and there was no justification to why anyone would be treated superbly unless they were white. It was thought that black people were diseased, filthy and inferior. Over the years, it took people like Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , Rosa Parks, and Harriett Tubman to make a statement and help change the future for all other races, not just African Americans. Today, although racism still exists, it is illegal to discriminate against anyone for any reason to include race. The Literary works such as â€Å"Alice Walker’s The Welcome Table, Nadine Gordimer’s Country Lovers, and Aurora Levin’s Morales’s Child of the Americas† give feeling, and meaning to the different angles of racial segregation and acceptance. These literary pieces open one’s eyes and heart to what has been experienced by many if not by one personally. The Welcome Table by Alice Walker is a story about an old, African American woman who is looked down on by the white community. On her way to church, she was stared at with disgust, with pity and with fear. Once inside the church, it was made clear that she didn’t belong and was not welcomed there. â€Å"Under the old womans arms they raised their fists, flexed their muscular shoulders, and out she flew through the door, back under the cold blue sky† (Clugston. , 2010)Upon being thrown out, the old woman saw Jesus approaching and soon walked away with him. She walked herself to death and yet no one ever spoke of the ragged old women. No one cared what happened to her for she was just an old black woman who stepped in to the house of God, the God of the white race, a place in which she didn’t belong. It is stories like these that make you wonder of the cruelty that was endured by many in the past. Alice Walker made it clear in her short story the feeling and thought that many had toward African American. Her description of the old woman was strong enough to paint a vivid picture of what the woman looked like. â€Å"She was angular and lean and the color of poor gray Georgia earth, beaten by king cotton and the extreme weather† (Clugston, 2010). African Americans worked harder than everyone else on the farms of the past. They were owned by the white farmers during slavery and even after slavery was abolished, they still were employed by the white farmers. Walker makes it easier to understand that although slavery was no longer, segregation and hatred to all who were African American was still very strong. There was no acceptance from anyone regardless of the fact that most of the white families were taken care of or raised by African Americans. There was no sympathy, just disgust and disapproval. Unlike Walker’s piece, Country Lovers by Nadine Gordimer shows a slightly different side of race and segregation. In Walker’s piece, there was no acceptance, no love, no feeling of mutuality. Gordimer on the other hand, talks about children playing together in the yard and fields. Race having no impact on how they interact, the kids play together and get along like family. As the time goes on and the kids get older, they begin to go their separate ways. The white children are sent off to school while the black children begin to work around the house and farm. A white boy and black girl from the story grow up together as close friends. They establish a relationship that compares to no other. When the boy goes off to school, he continues to stay friends with the girl. As he gets older and he hangs out more with his white school friends, he hides his friendship with his childhood friend. The friendship between the two had bloomed to something more, it had bloomed into a secret love. What would the rest of his family or friends think or say had they known that he loved this girl? A black employee to the boy’s father like in â€Å"The Welcome Table,† black people were looked down and were only good and useful to tend to the fields and the house work. They were not meant for friendship or relationships; they are not accepted as social beings. They are strictly workers. At the end of the story, the sexual and loving relationship that once was, is brought to an end by the birth of a baby that was unwanted and denied by the white boy. He refuses to admit his love and to differ from the world around him. Why wouldn’t he profess his love for this girl now that they have a child together? I believe this piece shows how society plays such a great role in the actions, feelings, and thoughts of humans everywhere. Had racial segregation been something of a distant dream, would the outcome be the same. Why do people act based on the perception and thought of those around them? Race plays a major role in Gordimer’s story. It determines the outcome of the story from start to finish. How many people have gone through a situation of the sort? For those who do not know what it feels like to be discriminated against because of race, this story takes a very personal subject and ties it in emotionally. Many people have experienced love and parenthood. How would one feel if the love of their life denied them in front of everyone because of their skin color? What if their child was denied or killed because of what others would say or do? Losing someone is never easy but to lose someone over something uncontrollable like race, it is heartbreaking. Readers are able to relate and feel what this young black girl is feeling as she grows up and away from the boy she has always loved. The relationship starts as one that everyone can relate to; a story of friends and soon turns in to a heart-felt, pain stricken story of betrayal and solitude. It was not until after the Civil War that segregation became illegal. There were still many states that were fighting for complete desegregation but African Americans were able to do things that their ancestors could only dream (Cozzens, 1995). Although integration of races was put into order by law, people found other ways to show their disapproval for what they believed was the inferior race: African Americans. Political groups formed in retaliation to the integration laws that had been passed and were taking effect. In the 1960’s, following many Civil Rights movements, a group known as the Ku Klux Klan became very active and violent towards who they thought were un-American. This abuse and hatred was towards more than just African Americans, it went towards Jews, Catholics and immigrants as a whole (Newton, 2007) Knowing that African Americans were not the only ones in the world hated by the white American society, Aurora Levin’s Morales’s poem Child of the Americas the acceptance of one’s race regardless of the thoughts of society. In this poem, Morales describes herself as an American, Puerto Rican, Taina, Mestiza, Caribbean, European, African, and altogether, an immigrant (Clugston. , 2010). She goes on to talk about how she lives her life in a certain way particular to each individual race. Each piece lives within her and she is happy and proud of the person she is. In today’s society, many people are not happy with themselves and try to conform to what they feel is socially acceptable. Morales’s poem opens up the hearts and minds to those who are mixed or born outside of the United States. Many feel like outsiders, like they do not belong. Instead of being themselves and being happy whether they get the approval of all or not, many sell themselves short in order to please. I believe Morales’s poem paints a very clear and concise picture across the page. The poem show that no matter what society thinks, one will never be happy or satisfied without being happy or satisfied with oneself. Morales using very distinguishing actions that one could relate to being Hispanic or a â€Å"child of the Americas†. She uses everyday life experiences that many can relate to vice fictional ideas that would make ones imagination do all the work. It is almost as if she was speaking not only for herself but for every Latin American that lives in the United States. â€Å"I was born at the crossroads and I am whole† (Clugston. , 2010). â€Å"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects individuals against employment discrimination on the bases of race and color, as well as national origin, sex, and religion. Title VII applies to employers with 15 or more employees, including state and local governments. It also applies to employment agencies and to labor organizations, as well as to the federal government† (The U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2011). It is laws like these that keep our country somewhat free from races and cultures being treated as inferior. Although there are many different laws against racism, segregation and discrimination, it still occurs in today’s world. Each literary piece described above is different in many ways. There are underlying factors which give each story its own theme but at the end, race is represented very strongly within them all. Had the world not been so racial divided, would these storied have the same meaning? Would these pieces even exist? Race and how it is looked upon is the main theme that each story has in common. Although unconditional love, self-acceptance and social standing are also a theme within the three pieces, it is hard to look over the common denominator. Many times, writers can write about similar stories but different underlying themes change the way the stories are interpreted and what is taken from the story as a lesson learned. For example, had another write wrote a poem about being mixed in race but being widely accepted or being the popular person in society, the focus would be put on the social life vice the personal acceptance and gratification of being a happy individual that Morales shows in her piece. Had Walker’s piece been focused more towards Jesus and his acceptance of all regardless of race, the outcome of the story may have changed. The story may have revolved on praise and worship vice who treated the old woman poorly and why. As we learn to read and divulge in many different literary works, we learn to notice different themes and meanings behind each piece. Themes like race are very noticeable and very strong themes that get the wheels turning in the mind. Not many people can realize a theme in a story but the three pieces discussed in this paper all have very obvious and very strong themes that anyone and everyone can empathize and relate to. How can one read something of the sort and not relate or imagine feeling? It is nearly impossible especially since it is something that was fought for by many for years on end. It is something that many have witnessed or heard stories about; a part of history that will never be forgotten. Although literary works may be similar in theme or topic they are far from written the same way. The literary pieces discussed are all just as different as they are similar. Each work is written differently, conveys different emotions and reactions and overall expresses a different level of understanding. Point of view differs within each piece and with the difference it makes the reader’s perception of the story different. For example, Morales writes her piece using the first person point of view. It gives the reader a personal insight to what the writer is feeling and trying to express. Third person point of view leaves the readers mind open to visualization of many different things. There are many stories out in the world that touch base with issues such as racism, segregation, and discrimination. Whether in first person or third person; whether fact or fiction, these stories and poems all have share similar meaning and theme. Writers of racial themes put across the pain and chaos that these difference cause. Many people often times fail to see the pain behind things such as discrimination but through symbolism, metaphors, and other key literary terms these feelings, emotions and experiences are brought to light. Race is an issue that many people deal with on a day to day basis regardless what side of the spectrum they are on. Having read each piece of work, I can say that themes in each were very different yet strong and imaginative. A reader can never say that the imagination was not stimulated with the thought and understanding of each piece of work. Each piece establishes a sense of strength, love and personal experience throughout the piece. As a reader, I can say that after reading each piece I felt connected to the characters within whether it is imaginatively or realistically. Racism exists even to this day. We witness it through hate crimes committed in some of what are thought to be the safest places, like schools and churches. The Jena 6 controversy in Louisiana was a situation in which a white student was beaten up by a group of African American students after three nooses were left hanging on a tree where one of the African American students sat the day before. This tree was said to be a hangout for white students only (The case of the Jena six: black high school students charged with attempted murder for schoolyard fight after nooses are hung from tree [Radio series episode]., 2007). This controversy became a national headline in the news because many saw it as African Americans being portrayed as inferior and the root of all evil. People did not see any wrong from anyone else but the African Americans and vice versa. This and other such issues leave people with the feeling that racism and discrimination is something that is among us all and subject to come out when we least expect it. Can literary works like the ones discussed open up the eyes of the readers to the feelings that hatred and racial segregation causes? I believe that each one of these literary works has a strong racial theme and each one can impact a reader in a way that was not expected. As we become strong and more in depth readers, themes like these will become more vibrant and obvious to see. Race and ethnicity is nothing more than an exterior color and difference in geographical location (Hallam, 2004). The authors make it clear that these difference cause lots of separation and heartache. These themes not only educate on historical experience but on what should be put to rest as an unhappy and disapproving issue that is ongoing in society.

Employee Involvement In Organizational Development Management Essay

Employee Involvement In Organizational Development Management Essay Employee Involvement means creating an atmosphere where people have an impact on the decision making and can affect the job. It is not a term or a goal or a tool which can be practiced in a corporation in fact it can be called a viewpoint describing how one can contribute to the progress and the stable accomplishment in their job association. Because of this involvement employees are able to feel a sense of having rights and obligations through which they are able to retain their top abilities and promote an atmosphere enabling them to be more motivated and participative. How staff can be expected to get involved in decisions includes the planned facet of input and can take in such methods as idea scheme, production cells, work teams, nonstop expansion meetings, Kaizen events, remedial act processes, and intermittent discussions with the administrator. Inbuilt to most employee input processes is teaching them group efficacy, communiquà ©, and problem solving, payment systems and gai n sharing. (Heathfield, 2012) Encouraging employees to become involved: A hundred percent support cannot be projected from any person who was not himself involved in devising a change or an alteration which had an impact on his job. In any transformation, mostly ones that influence a whole group, it is not probable to engage every employee in each decision. On the other hand when change starts working; it means the association goes out of its way to manage worker involvement. Staff involvement for successful change administration creates a plan for involving people connecting everyone who will feel the force of the changes in the knowledge, preparation, decisions, and accomplishment of the change. In change management a small group of employees learn important information about change management. If they do not share that information with the rest of the workers the other employees might have difficulty catching up with them. If a small cluster makes the change management plans then the staff affected by the decisions will not have had needed time to obs erve the latest ideas. If employees are left behind a door gets opened in the change management procedure, for false impression and disagreement. Even if employees cannot affect the decision about change on the whole still they should be involved in the consequential decisions about their work unit and their work. A change process should be built that tells people when they are succeeding or deteriorating and follow up about consequences should be provided in each case. Employees who brightly work with the change should be provided with rewards. After the employees have been allowed to go through the change stages the unconstructive consequences should also be conveyed to them. Those who are resistant cannot be allowed to continue on their negative path; they will in due course have an effect on the morale of the constructive ones. The solution to this is that during the change management process an implementer should know where to say that now it is enough. (Heathfield, 2012) Relating employee involvement with company performance: According to (KAUFFMAN) , by devoting to future leaders organizations are building the foundation for success when it comes to improving worker retention as far as escalating the firms yield is concerned. A basic bottom up personnel association program is used to unite employees in the business. In order to make sure employee involvement is effective they delegate power to employees at all levels of the organization and recognize quite a few calculated initiatives through task forces to enlarge those initiatives. This practice can put plans into effect while at the same time creating an encouraging plan for the firm and can encourage the staff to construct new ideas and. The firms mission is to teach employees to offer the highest quality service to patrons and for that they need people who are motivated enough and excited about their work. They consider the idea of involvement providing mechanical preparation which drives profitability to get them mixed up in the firms dealings as w ell. Some aspects of employee involvement program and tips for starting an employee involvement plan within the firm are. Recognize the agenda scheme Generate a task force Ensure top level support Encourage and promote employee participation Keep tracking progress and keep communicating results If successful celebrate your victory Launch the involvement program Linking performance and culture transformation together? By doing so everyone can be involved in stirring up the association forward and constructing synergy and enthusiasm at all levels. By being able to advance values of input firms can join employees at all levels in the industry thus increasing competence. Capable programs can also supply opportunities for leaders of tomorrow. The dollars that are being used up in teaching employees can in fact be used up trying to engage into performance and culture transformation but how can these two be put together? Performance change initiatives are reasonable linking slow and determined attainment of skills. Culture change initiatives are zealous. They focus on modification in point of view and relationships and on the arrangement of a surrounding of truthfulness and inventiveness. (Mackin, 2005) An Employee-owner corporation chooses its own level and kind of contribution, but it must direct expectations about decisions. Employees might be expecting a definite amount of power. Organizations that can manage decision making wisely can over time strike a greater share of their human potential. Companies that do not intentionally address peoples expectations may find rising pessimism and doubt. (The Ownership Culture Report , 1998) Recognizing and dealing with barriers to change: Those resolute to arrive at brilliance come to recognize the implication of employee ownership and involvement. To be victorious in ensuring engagement, it is imperative to recognize the collective dynamics of contribution and the barriers to a participative culture. Human beings are by nature social creatures. They wish to experience a belonging sense and to be involved in something. They seek to share thoughts. They wish to partake in the common relationships that the world around them frequently promotes. If correctly guided, this combined need could be leveraged to assist organizations. This craving to bond increases with new social networking platform and technical expansion especially for youngsters. People are neurologically programmed and ethnically reinforced to share ideas. If employees do not get involved at work, they will look for other conduits to direct their imagination. Regrettably, employees are not always aware of the sharing opportunities most companies offer. (Galloway, 2010) Worker involvement as a central debate: Worker involvement has become a central debate in trade relations over the last decade. An Employer who is confronted by more and more cutthroat product markets and a greater magnitude for quality assurance and customer satisfaction must started centering concentration on attempts to enlarge and encourage employees, as well as illustrating more upon employee understanding and skill. Within the academics area, this subject has undergone a revival where researchers are inquiring whether this is really new and how it relates to HR management. (Mick Marchington, 1991) Graziers key learning points: People struggle each day with the various very real difficulties of human interaction, communication, disagreement, conviction systems, headship, inspiration and human potential, conflict to change, ingenuity, and so forth. (Grazier) Discusses what he calls the Key Learning Points as under: Everybody has things to contribute and they will if the surrounding is right. This according to (Grazier) is the effect of working with employee involvement concepts. People place limitations on other peoples understanding which is more a subliminal act than a mindful one. They usually feel that their own solutions to problems are the very best. But when they work more closely with them, particularly on front lines, they see knowledge, aptitude, skills, and resourcefulness that surprise them. Sometimes the most implausible people can come up with luminous solutions to problems. Thus they stop putting limitations on others but rather they see themselves as reservoirs of knowledge. Quoting an example a problem was being discussed with an old worker at a food company. He started discussing solutions for swiftly clearing the food material from a crammed hopper which often happened. When asked if he had ever told this idea to his manager he just smiled and said nobody asks for this kind of idea around here. This worker had spent a lifetime in the company and was retiring in a few months. How many such ideas he would be taking with him? (Grazier) The point being that people have a great deal more to present than one can realize. And if a surrounding can be constructed that is sheltered, reassuring, and encourages taking part, more of that talent will be directed toward the prosperity of the organization. When a manager fully understands this then worker participation becomes less of a function that one must perform and more of a viewpoint that one does evidently. (Grazier) The human constituent of performance is more imperative than the technological one. Organizations are a great deal of time wrapped up in the mechanical features of trade i.e. machinery, executive systems, fiscal controls, setting up, research, analysis, equipment, safeguarding, sales, supply and so on. A few are able to concentrate on motivational principals. As we talk about the implications of these questions it becomes apparent to everyone that, even though motivational principles have been taught to nearly every senior manager still whenever performance in a work group or association soars or slumps it can almost always be traced back to issues that have impacted motivation not technical issues. (Grazier) Most decisions can be radically enhanced through group effort. There are only a few reviews that have read (This person can team up well on decisions) or (This employee has a strong team building trait). More than a few supervisors have been approved over for promotion because they present a participative administration style. Victorious Managers today solve a quandary or make a choice by first looking for the opinions of others. True association can take time. But managers who persist should see their decisions improving gradually. (Grazier) Growth in employee skills: As (Green) has investigated the growth of job skill allotment using data derived from various skills Surveys. He determines the degree to which worker participation in the place of work and promotes the use of cognizance and interactive skills. He has found out that literacy, other communication tasks, and planning skills have grown particularly fast. Problem-solving skills have also become more imperative however recurring physical skills have principally remained untouched. He finds that worker partaking privileges the use of superior general skills and chipping in but substitute recurring physical tasks. A study by (Cruz, 2009) a University lecturer shows worker association programs that executives presume to add to efficacy as well as improving their record on diversity. According to investigators females and minorities are more successful and have better occupation opportunities when a self direction team or a cross training program is offered by the company. This means that companies can increase both quality and diversity at the same time with the same programs. Mostly females and minorities are stuck in low end jobs with little opportunity for proving themselves and for advancement. When companies put in place work teams and training programs, these females and minorities abruptly have more opportunities to display their skills. years of information on more than 800+ companies was able to detach the effects of independent work teams and cross preparation programs on female and minority access to management. In Cross function teams project groups from different jobs are able to m eet on regular intervals and take liability for getting the work done that has been assigned to them and thus being able to solve problems. Teams and cross training put gifted females and minority on the screen for managers and others who get to know them better and can counsel them and state their names when there is a new opening. It turns out these same programs also give new opportunities for females and minorities to stand out and get ahead. (Cruz, 2009) Managerial conversion efforts can bring about a variety of outcomes of which a few are projected for managerial survival and output while some involuntary such as susceptible stages of organizational change pessimism among employees. If we examine the role of information distribution and connection in decision making, while both these strategies have the potential to be resourceful, they rest on an imperative guess, that employees will eagerly hold on to any opportunities to become involved. (CREGAN, 2008) Understanding Organizational pessimism: Organizational pessimism is the pessimistic outlook of employees towards organizations. The main idea is that principles like genuineness and impartiality have to forgone to fulfill the interests of leadership thus leading to actions based on a hidden motive or deception (Abraham, 2000) .Recently, (Cole, 2006) defined pessimism as an evaluative verdict that stems from an individual experience. (CREGAN, 2008) This suggests that administrative pessimism can have unhelpful consequences for employees and organizations. As a result, the association that successfully manages pessimism is more likely to obtain benefits from an organizational change program. As (Bommer, 2005) pointed out that the overcoming of uncertainty toward change is mainly important because when workers have pessimism toward a planned change it leads to unsuccessful achievement and the breakdown reinforces the pessimistic beliefs. As a result, succeeding transformation initiatives are even less likely to do well. Employee involvement and equity: (Abraham, 2000) Argues that feelings of injustice differentiate worker cynics from positive employees and that open organizational infrastructure and participation may help produce a wakefulness of fairness. Furthermore, employees understanding of the association will be to a great deal affected and thus help them in getting involved and contributing to the success of the organization.

Cyrano De Bergerac Essay examples -- Cyrano De Bergerac Essays

Cyrano De Bergerac The story begins at the Hotel de Bourgogne in the year 1640. Christian de Neuvillette attends the theater with a man called Ligniere in hopes that this man can identify the woman he has fallen in love with. Ligniere identifies the beautiful lady as Roxane, cousin to Cyrano de Bergerac. Christian also finds out from Ligniere that Count de Guiche is in love with her as well. Ligniere told Christian that he made a song that told of de Guiche’s scheme to get Roxane and that de Guiche probably hated him for it. Ligniere leaves and heads out to a tavern while Cristian stares up at Roxane. In the mean time, a thief had been approaching Christian to make an attempt at stealing from him. When Christian reaches into his pocket he finds a hand. The thief makes a deal with Christian and tells him that Ligniere was going to die that night because he insulted a powerful person with a song. The thief told Christian that a hundred men were posted. Chrisian rushes off to every tavern in tow n to leave a message for his friend. Ragueneau, a baker, watches for Cyrano. Cyrano had told Montfleury not to appear onstage for a month, yet Montfleury appeared onstage anyway. Cyrano shows up and interrupts the play. He forces Montfleury to leave the stage and in the process of doing so he insults forty-eight people. Valvert insults Cyrano by making a remark about his nose so they duel. While dueling, Cyrano recites a ballade he created and wins the duel. Everyone was delighted and congratulated him. Cyrano confides with his friend Le Bret that he is in love with his cousin Roxane. Le Bret advises Cyrano that he should tell Roxane his feelings because there was no better time than now to tell her his feelings after she witness... ... come with him quickly because Cyrano was unconscious with a gash in his head. Roxane waited for Cyrano outside while she embroidered. Cyrano was late for the first time then. He acted as if nothing was wrong with him, but sister Marthe saw something was wrong with him. He told her not to tell Roxane, though. Cyrano asked Roxane if he could read the letter that Christian had on him when he died. Roxane gave him the letter and he began reading aloud. Roxane realized that Cyrano wrote that letter. She confronted him and he denied it but she knew the truth. Le Bret and Ragueneau show up looking for Cyrano. They find him there and tell Roxane what happened. Cyrano becomes seized by some mania and goes on about how lies, compromise, prejudice, stupidity, and cowardice have robbed him of glory and love but the one thing they could never touch was his white plume.

An Enterprise Backup Solution :: Evaluation Analysis Networks Essays

An Enterprise Backup Solution Content 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Situation Analysis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Objective  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Situation Fact  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Options  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 4.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Option # 1: Veritas Netbackup  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 4.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Option # 2: Legato Networker  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 4.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Option #3: Commvault Galaxy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 4.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enterprise Backup Solution – Evaluation Analysis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8 4.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Summary of options available  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11 4.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Updated analysis of Legato Networker subsequent to inclusion of Visual Storage Resource Migrator and Alphastor  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recommendation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  17 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Situation Analysis This document was prepared to analyze the current backup environment and prepare an action plan, for the Ridgefield location regarding the incorporation an Enterprise Backup Solution. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Objective Our objective is to determine the best course of action regarding the selection and implementation of an Enterprise Backup Solution. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Situation Fact The current network environment has been outgrown the ability of Veritas BackupExec, the backup software platform used by BI Ridgefield- Production Services, in terms of amount of data being backed up, functionality, and reliability. At the time of its initial purchase approximately six years ago (with BackupExec 7.x), the server infrastructure consisted of approximately 80 clients with one TB of data captured on a weekly full backup. This small-business level backup solution provided a good fit for the environment and served the company’s data protection needs well. Accordingly, we continued to leverage BackupExec 8.x – 9.x in our organization as the network infrastructure expanded though out the years. The server environment has now grown to the point where there are 370 servers with approximately 16 Terabytes of data captured on a weekly full backup. In light of this, meeting the established backup/restore service agreement is becoming increasingly challenging. Some of the functionality/features required to address this challenge includes: -The ability to direct multiple streams of data to one media device simultaneously (Multiplexing). -A provision for re-starting backup jobs from the point at which they failed (Checkpointing). -Descriptive reporting on backup media content. -Automation of Media Duplication and Vaulting tasks. -Compete compatibility with SANs and NAS support As a result, Production Services has evaluated a number of solutions from the leading backup software manufacturers. The final list was narrowed down to three competitors we thought could best meet our outlined requirements. They are: Veritas NetBackup, Legato Networker, and Commvault Galaxy. The tables below list the details of the evaluations. 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Options The reviews of the three options are listed in the following table: 4.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Option # 1: Veritas NetBackup Option Table # 1: Pros  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cons Administrative/management tasks performed from a centralized location. (Familiar Microsoft Management Console style interface). Provides the ability to browse resources through Graphical User Interface when creating backup and restore jobs, reducing the possibility of typographical errors. Provides straightforward media management. Multiple media erased, moved and exported at once.

Translation in Movies Names

Introduction As we all known, film is an audio-visual art. This glamorous act is a magnificent gem in human history, which creates romantic stories and leads human into a marvelous land we have never come before. Looking back to the development history of film, we cannot deny that film reflects the society reality and the time spirit. As the cultural exchange between China and overseas become booming, film plays an important role as culture envoy. Film was entrusted with the mission to let more people from different cultural backgrounds to enjoy the entertainment and share advanced technology together.This is an unavoidable trend in the world now. The film is an art, unlike other type of work, producing an effect on the human senses through a variety of information media. So the translation of film titles is also different from other kinds of translation. From its type, title translation belongs to special translation studies. English Translation of Movie Titles, Even though only a s mall number of domestic scholars did this research, title translation is beginning to attract people’s attention.As we know, China has been more open for its movie market and its domestic movie industry is booming, an increasing number of overseas films come into Chinese big screens. Meanwhile, a great number of local movies have found their way to the international market. Films are not only a way of spreading exotic culture to the local audience, but also a significant approach to disseminate national culture for overseas people. Thus, translation in movies names is of great importance when both introducing foreign movies and selling domestic ones. Suitable translation can attract the public to enter into cinemas.Local films can also benefit a lot from good translation as well when being publicized overseas. In recent years, it is indeed an amazing feat to study translation by analyzing the structure of communication, especially suitable for the translation of movie titles because the film itself is a mass media. Communication is the activity of conveying information. In the process of title translation, information conveying is more complicated as translation is a cross-cultural information dissemination. As a necessary part of culture, the movie name is inevitably reflected the characteristics of their respective cultures.Although Chinese and Western cultures are different, we can still find many similarities between the two. Undoubtedly, movie title translation contributes a lot to cultural exchanges. If the title translation concern more about film name itself and cultural implication, it will receive an unexpected effect. II. The Importance of Movies Names Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. It is a process of creation which is based on certain culture implication and scientific knowledge. Therefore, the translation is re-creation.Most movie titles have only a f ew words, however, it is the crowning touch to the film. This important role put forward higher requirements for the translation of film titles. Film is an audio-visual art. Instead of being displayed in the shelves as books and newspapers, it firstly appeals to the audience by its name. Thus, movies names are the key to affect the box-office receipts. In another words, to a movie, its name is being its slogan and advertisement. Therefore, each word and phrase in the movies names should be carefully weighed against the original language to ensure the fullest accuracy and clarity.According to some reports, some producers in developed countries spare no effort to give perfect names to their movies. A movie may have several provisional names which could be revised more than once before it comes out in theaters. What is more, a movie may get no certain name even its whole photography process has been finished. For some Chinese well-known movie companies, they have established panels whi ch are composed of many professional translators to make their movies’ names sound more international and let the foreign people know better about the movie before entering into the cinema. III.Methods of Translation As title translation is of great significance, translators should try their best to make the movie names sound more popular and colloquial to increase persuasion and appeal. To deal with the cultural differences in intercultural translation, various skills can be adopted, including literal translation, free translation, adding translation, and explanation translation. The movie title is the unity of language and national culture, so the title translation should adopt a flexible method, and strive to impress the audience to achieve the same function with the original title. 1.Literal Translation 1. 1. Characteristics Literal translation, or directed translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another â€Å"word-for-word† rather than conveying the sense of the original. Literal translation seeks to carry over every possible nuance of meaning in the original words of movies’ names into our own language and as far as possible to capture the precise wording of the original text and style. As such, its emphasis is on â€Å"word-for-word† correspondence, at the same time taking into account differences of grammar, syntax, and idiom between current literary English and Chinese.Thus it seeks to be transparent to the original text, letting the public see as directly as possible the structure and meaning of the original. Based on the language universals, literal translation can convey the origin content using the similar forms. 1. 2. Examples Some movies named by leading characters can employ literal translation to retain the intention and context. Britain film Jane Eype ( ), American film Spartacus ( ), Sister Carrie ( ) and Dr. Edward ( ) are good examples of using this method. These names sound natural and are ea sy to remember.There are also some films named by the nickname of the characters adopting literal translation. Taking the Rain Man( ) as an example, rain man is another saying of people with autism. Its Chinese name, an essentially literal translation, illustrated the subject of the film that the leading character Rain is having some emotional frustration. What is more, the Miner †s Daughter, biographical film based on the life story of the famous American country music singer, Houluolita Lynn , was literally translated as ; An American in. of Paris, the 24th Academy Awards Good movie, was translated as The Godfather, 45th Oscar Best Picture, was also translated as. These good translation versions are consistent with the appearance, while maintaining the essence of the original name both in the form and in the meaning. 2. Paraphrase 2. 1. Characteristics The word â€Å"paraphrase† is defined as: under the limitations of the social and cultural differences in the target language, the translator had to abandon the literal meaning of the original form to match and the main language features. A paraphrase or free translation is a restatement of the meaning of a text or passage using other words.In contrast to the â€Å"essentially literal† translation, paraphrase have followed a â€Å"thought-for-thought† rather than â€Å"word-for-word† translation philosophy, emphasizing â€Å"dynamic equivalence† rather than the â€Å"essentially literal† meaning of the original. A â€Å"thought-for-thought† translation is of necessity more inclined to reflect the interpretive opinions of the translator and the influences of contemporary culture. Paraphrase is another way that often used when translating because there is linguistic disparity between different countries.When the ideological content of the original forms and expression of the translation are contradictory, translators would paraphrase them instead of using l iteral translation in order to maintain the names’ same meaning and linguistic function. The way to decide which content suits direct translation, or which content is suitable for free translation, depends on the comparative study of culture and linguistics between ancient and today. 2. 2. Examples The film adaptation of Robert James Waller novel, The Bridges of Madison County, was literally translated as.This translation is unable to arouse the audience's imagination, but the effect of another version as will be not the same. It not only strengthens the theme, but also appeals to the imagination of the audience, thus creating an artistic realm for them. In various types of construction, the bridge seems to be the best to lead to a romantic association, since ancient times, there have been a lot of touching love stories occurred at the bridge. â€Å" † symbolizes the lingering thoughts from year to year; â€Å"? † represents the pity and regret; â€Å"? tells us the love of the hero and heroine can only be a dream. Every word in the title can lead to endless thinking and a great deal of imagination. Whatever, paraphrasing should base on the content of the movie. Expressive form is the main difference between free translation and literal translation. The former needs to explain the meaning, on the other hand, the later translate the names directly. For instance, the move Gone with the Wind which is adapted from a well-known novel of the same title is translated as when it was released in China.This vision is not only pleasing to the eye but also accord with the content of the movie. But if it is named as , though having no language mistakes, is inferior. Another examples using this method are shown, such as Ghost ( ), The Wizard of OZ , Top Gun( ). Apart from the movies mentioned above, there are also similar examples which should translate according to their accent but employ paraphrase such as Rebecca( )and Cleopatra( ). 3. Transliter ation 3. 1. Characteristics Transliteration is translating the title into another language based on pronunciation.English movies, which are named after movie film hero's name or place name, are commonly used transliteration without causing a distortion of the target language culture. The hit movie Harry Potter used the transliteration because people are already familiar with the hero Harry as the great scale to the original best-selling and movie pre-publicity. But many examples show that there are very few examples of pure transliteration since the title of the person's name or place names are mostly familiar to the domestic audience, even incomprehensible.In the translation of Chinese names, and other proper nouns, many contradictions of transliteration will arise due to the difference between native language and foreign language phonetic systems. Using transliteration is bound to affect the attendance of the film. At this time, the transliteration adding to paraphrase should be g iven to consideration in order to obtain satisfactory results. Such as Patton( );Forrest, Gump( );King Kong( )and so on. 3. 2. Examples Movie Ben-Hur which is based on the biblical story was translated as .Ben-Hu is a film hero's name; Hollywood actor Sylvester Stallone wrote and performed the film Rocky won the 1976 annual Oscar Award for Best Picture. Rocky is name of the hero , transliterated as ; taken in 1973, the American film Papillon translated as is a classic escape theme movie. The Papillon is French, meaning â€Å"butterfly† . In the film it refers to the actor because he has a chest stab butterfly tattoo; 16th Oscar best Picture Award, known as the â€Å"the greatest love the movie of shadow history † Casablanca, translated as ,also uses the transliteration. It is well known that Casablanca is Morocco's largest city.Title using the example of the transliteration is simple and retains some â€Å"foreign flavor†. However, it should be noticed that so me movie titles of the person's name or place names are mostly familiar to the domestic audience such as Thelma and Louise. Thelma and Louise are the two heroines of the film. They encountered a series of sexual violence and sexual harassment during a simple trip. After the murder, they escaped. The film intends to convey a strong desire of the women to be the master of fate. And women's equality and security of personal social are the movie's themes. The film has been paraphrased as .This translation is very consistent with the film's theme and content. And its Chinese title is neither subject to the restrictions of English language. 4. Adding Transliteration 4. 1. Characteristics Some English words do not have their Chinese counterparts because of differences between two languages. In this case, translators often add some words to make the movie title sound comprehensive among the domestic audience. Adding translation is a case of adding some words based on the content of the movi e in order to meet the mental acceptance and cultural expectance of the audience. . 2. Examples For example, American movie Patton was translated as . It is a story telling about things happened during the World War?. People who are interested in the history of war or military stories would be attracted by its Chinese name before they entering into the cinema. But if the name was translated without any alteration, Chinese people would never guess the content and some groups of audience may be lost. Another example is The Piano which was translated as , if it was translated directly as , most people would think it was just an educational movie.However, translators added the word â€Å"? † to its original name to let the viewers get a brief idea of the movie that it is a story about things happened in a piano lesson. There are another cases also used this method such as Seven( ), Deep Impact( ), Sister Act( )and so on. IV. Principles of Translation Although the translation of film titles has its own specialty, it has something in common with other genres of translation. The translation process should reflect the following four principles: 1. Informative value principleTitle translation should convey the information related to the contents of the original film, achieving the unity of title form and film content, which is also called the equivalent of the value of information. The emphasis of translation of is equilibrium. The process of English movie title translation should firstly be faithful to the movie information. That means the translation of film titles should convey the information in line with the original information of the movie to achieve the unity of the translation of the title and original movie content.The word â€Å"faithful† refers to the translation must be accurate and truthful and the meaning can neither be free to distort, nor any increase or decrease. 2. Cultural value principle Translation is not simply the language conver sion process, but also the social phenomena of cultural exchanges. Cultural values, reflected in the title translation to promote cultural exchange and understanding, is the important task of the translation of film titles. The movie title reflects the cultural value of film, which requires the translator to be not only a mere translator but also a cultural carrier.So translators should have a deeper study of two kinds of language and culture. In the process of title translation, different languages have different conventions and codes. Then the translator is bound to follow certain cultural adaptation and take full account of cultural implication in order to better communicate cultural information through language. In the West, the social development history, geography and climate, history, political and economic values, customs, ethics are very different from Chinese.Cultural values firstly reflected in fully understanding cultural information and accurately transmitting the origi nal title culture. Let's take a look at a famous 1995 psychological thriller â€Å"seven†. The film a strong visual impact and the dark background described a highly philosophical meaning of the crime story: a crazy murderer to consider themselves to God, around the Catholic seven capital offenses disciplinary one by one kill. Seven capital offense refers to the seven men often commit the fault, namely: the gluttonous greed, , ,sloth , lust , pride , envy and rage wrath. Seven, this mysterious figure in the religious (which is in the old â€Å"fullest: God created Adam using seven days, remove the Adam's seventh ribs made the original body of Eve, Satan is the dragon of seven heads) in the film can be described as ubiquitous, seven crime seven penalty seven rain, the story takes place in seven days, or even ending by the offender set at 7 pm on the seventh day of the ubiquitous â€Å"7† imply that the fate of the Crime and Punishment.However, it is conceivable that if the Chinese translation for a â€Å"simple, Chinese audiences will not produce the same cultural association and identity, so the movie screened, translated as† Seven â€Å", pointing to the story line and the seven most major and religious meaning. It can be described as cultural values embodied in the classic example. Chinese translation of the film American Beauty, trouble is also the root cause of this. Popular translation – â€Å"American Beauty†, and earlier tacky little â€Å"American Beauty† is not accurate, it can be said too literally.American beauty is the red rose of the U. S. production of flowering seasons. The roses are beautiful, holy, said the noble and sacred love, especially red roses, but also love gift to share. According to the myths and legends, a god of love to personally pick Rose took to give his lover, too eager mood, the action is some confusion, accidentally finger was punctured by the squid, the blood sprinkled on the pet als of roses, originally The white petals dyed red.Cupid holding a rose-red with their blood spent to give lovers and lovers to see, very excited, gratitude for a hundredfold return Cupid's loyalty. After the red roses of pure love and firm, especially lovers favorite. Movie to spend Yu flower expressions, flowers and beauty, closer together. Taiwan's well-known herein florid translation of the change translated as â€Å"heart? Rose Love† to China rose instead of the United States rose to reveal the spiritual connotation of the film, it touches do not have mood.But the film also has a more direct and accurate cultural translation â€Å"American Beauty†. There is also a translation is called â€Å"Beautiful guilty† may be issued by the translator according to the story of lament! In addition, due to language and cultural differences, a form similar to the Chinese and British vocabulary, may refer to completely different content, such dubious often leads to disast rous mistranslation.For example: First Wives Club, has been translated as â€Å"The First Wives Club†, not knowing the first wives in English refers to the first wife of the men, and the Chinese culture, the size of the wife and concubines concubine Yigai irrelevant. This fun-filled comedy, in fact, about a group of Zaokangzhiqi how to revenge yourself Xiatang Chen Shimei her husband and marries another new love. Now translated as â€Å"the first wife club,† the first wife club â€Å"is more accurate.Another example: one hundred one of the classics of â€Å"the Third Man† is initially translated as â€Å"third party†, the Chinese audience mistakenly thought it was a marriage ethics film. In fact, â€Å"the Third Man,† referring to the film, the third car accident witnesses, the film changed translated as â€Å"personal† story translates as â€Å"living hell for the spirits of, I had stumbled on a DVD Title will be translated as the â€Å" third man†! Stick up down. Similarly, due to differences in cultural identity, vocabulary attached to the associative meaning it will miss is as good, Miao away.Animal words, for example, most of the symbol, meaning one after another. To Yibi vivid necessary to correctly understand their meaning. This is not difficult to understand why the movie Dragon Heart, no, literally translated as â€Å"Dragon Heart†. Taking into account the â€Å"dragon† negative associative meaning in English (reminiscent of the cruel, devil), as well as Chinese culture the dragon respected (the Chinese nation, the emperor, a symbol of success), the film, plus a â€Å"magic word translation The Tarrasque legendary.In addition, the title in the idioms, allusions to load a lot of cultural information, often not from the literal meaning of understanding, engaged in sloppy, Shuaier surgeon is bound to be mistakes, a laughing stock. For example, â€Å"Rambo: First Blood† has been trans lated as â€Å"First Blood†. Little do they know â€Å"the first the blood† is the English idiom, meaning â€Å"first battle†. Taiwan will be â€Å"One Flew, over the the Cuckoo's Nest,† translated as â€Å"the cuckoo's nest†, in fact, â€Å"the Cuckoo's Nest† in English is a â€Å"mental hospital† means! The film was adapted from Ken?Alexis (Ken Kesey, 1935-2001) according to himself experienced in the novel of the same name published in 1962, describes the brutal destruction of a mental hospital patient's humanity and basic human rights, strongly criticized the yoke of the social system, video the last Indians to shake and lift extremely heavy stone and splashing the lens, as well as his brave out of the guard of the prison behind bars, it is film body Now the true meaning: seemingly can not shake the cornerstone of the system, as long as the consciousness of resistance cohesion to a certain moment and broke out the exciting force, will eventually break all fetters, to achieve the newborn. Mainland translation Flew Over the Cuckoo â€Å"and therefore more accurate vividly embodies the true meaning of the original title and the film itself. Film interpretation of the cultural values, we should have the following consensus. On the one hand, you should see the title translation is subject to the target language culture. The target culture is bound to select the source culture, norms, and strengthen, exclusion and belittling, and attach their own cultural color.Chinese translation of the English movie â€Å"Love with My Father,† â€Å"Wedding Night† for the â€Å"Family Fun† â€Å"wedding night†, obviously mixed up with the Chinese cultural flavor. On the other hand, should recognize that translation is a dynamic process of cultural exchange, and therefore asked to judge the historical perspective to measure. In one region or one times fluent and readable translations in some areas, th e era is not necessarily a good translated. Such as space bottling (Space Jim) â€Å"disappeared Pretty Woman (the Runaway Bride) in Hong Kong popular translation in Hong Kong, but inland the audience is very difficult to understand. The meaning of â€Å"bottling† in Cantonese is â€Å"playing basketball†, â€Å"runaway† means â€Å"escape†.Speaking from a diachronic point of view, China's current loose, cheerful social environment, the cultural mentality of the two-way communication, with the further attention of the people to the outside world and social and cultural conditions of the mature, but also will undoubtedly promote the excellent translations of more closer to the style of the original film presented in front of an audience. Such as â€Å"Casablanca† (the Casablanca) has long been replaced by â€Å"Casablanca,† a domestic popular translation. â€Å"The Truman Show† (Trueman the Show translation: the drama of life, Trudeau door programs, etc. ) for a class in Britain a mixture of the title also has been increasingly accepted as part of the Chinese audience. 3. Aesthetic Value PrincipleThe title of the translation of stress to get rid of the original word bound, depth grasp of the ideological and aesthetic content of the work and the ingenuity of the artist's treatment of the original film, the new artistic creation. The native language of the art form to convey the image of the original, emotional, and language arts, the aesthetic experience of conduction in the audience. First of all we must be the exact words and the aesthetic value. The choice of words should strive to sound both the United States, Italy, expressive and vivid. As Somerset Maugham said, â€Å"the word of its power, its sound, and its shape; only consider the sentence, in order to write eye-catching ear†. The exact words and emphasis on vivid. Language used to create a mood, atmosphere, concentrated source language audience's feelings and conduction in the target language audience.Compare the following three groups of titles in English translation, is not difficult to find the second translation can give full play to the Chinese advantage and choice of words precise and appropriate artistic conception, cutting theme of the Central Plains piece, and thus even better: Ex1: You Can not Take It With You â€Å"translated a† you can not take away; â€Å"translated† Take It Ex2 has been engineered: A, Man, from the Snowy River â€Å"translation† from the Snowy River; â€Å"translation† Snowy River man As ex3: Ordinary People â€Å"translation† of ordinary people; â€Å"translation† mortal The exact words and emphasis on sound America. Translator through rhythm, pitch, rhythm, so that the title to read catchy, beautiful sounds, only to convey the emotional meaning, but also enhance the aesthetic effect. Chinese is a tone language, pitch the level of severity, length, sp eed, and constitute a self-assured, high and loud music, accurately express the rich and delicate feelings.Such as the Outland translated as â€Å"outer space† (cadence, rhyme), Courage, translated as â€Å"Under Fire, Life and Death of pride† (circumflex), translated as â€Å"Singing in the Rain† (rhyme) Singing in the Rain ‘, fully embodies the Chinese phonological . English as a tone language, its different tone, stress, light tone, accented arrangement constitute continuous fill the gap, the melody. Such as the â€Å"green lawn (1987), translated as the Green Green the Grass of Home,† great cycle â€Å"translated as the Wheel of Life, successfully embodies the beauty of the melody of English. Alliteration and rhyming English title in order to achieve the sound of America's method. Not uncommon in the title creation and translation.English Title: Picture Perfect (now translated: purely fictitious) Rock and the Rule (now translated: Jesus Christ, Magic Star), Limelight (now Translation: career on the stage); English Translation Title: City Under Siege (formerly known as Chinese: siege ) Fight in South and North (Chinese original name: Civil war) and so on. The exact words and emphasis on precise and appropriate and concise. Only a clear and concise title in order to attract viewers. Can be described as the culmination of many of our translators translated in this regard. Such as A Puzzlement of Love translated as â€Å"love confusion† and the Strange Tale translated as â€Å"strange tale† Intolerance translated as â€Å"partisan†, is lovely. The four-character phrase is often concise, sonorous sounds, expressive, heavily used in Title Translation, accounting for the Translation of title more than 60 percent.Such as: â€Å"Dances with Wolves (Dances with Wolves),† Home Alone â€Å"(Home Alone),† Forrest Gump â€Å"(Forest, Gump,)† Entrapment â€Å"(Entrapment), The Fugitive (the Fug itive), retaining flower portrait (the Bodyguard), The Interpreter (The Interpreter). Another aspect of the aesthetic value is the use of rhetorical devices. Translator copy or a creative way to use rhetoric to cause aesthetic pleasure to the audience. Such as simile Gaslight translated as â€Å"Lang heart, such as iron, repeated France A Few Good Man, translated as† good people only a handful of â€Å"antisense method True Lies translated as† True Lies â€Å", the control of the Great The Great Gatsby, Old wives for New, Love Me Tenderly translated as â€Å"Great Gatsby† old pet new love, â€Å"† Hud Rouchang â€Å"are worthy of our study. 4. Commercial Value PrincipleThe film is both a cultural and commercial art, in the title translation, of course, need to take into account commercial considerations. This requires the translator to take full advantage of the cultural characteristics of the target language and aesthetic interests, to create out of th e language the audience loved the movie title, causing psychological identity, stimulate aesthetic pleasure and viewing desires. For example, according to Canadian writer Michael? Weng Dajie (Michael Ondaatje) best-selling novel of the same name adapted from the English the Patient, is the Second World War for the background of male and female for a period beyond the moral boundaries, romantic and poignant love story about.The novel won the British Booker Prize for Literature, an international reputation, to retain the original novel title attractive to Europe and the United States audience. Hong Kong local audience know very little about the novel, if literally translated as â€Å"The English Patient†, but uninteresting, translator therefore another translated as â€Å"Do not ask who I am†, lyrical strong and fastened the entire film pursuing the life experience of the plot of The English Patient, by the local audience favorite. Taiwan translation of â€Å"The Englis h Patient, VCD, translated† troubled love days â€Å"are fastened film Sad love theme, a strong poetic, after masterpiece.Another embodiment of the commercial value is the title emphasize novel and eye-catching, good at creating suspense, rendering the atmosphere. For example, It Happens One Night Translated as â€Å"It Happened One Night†, translated as â€Å"Sister Act, Sister Act† the Net â€Å"network Cry†, it is very novel and fascinating. Mainland translation of the thriller The Rock â€Å"The Rock†, Hong Kong translation of â€Å"The Rock, Taiwan translated as† Jedi task all tastes, and naturally apt, full of suspense, reflects the combination of artistic and commercial. To achieve the above two purposes, the commercial value reflected in the translation process requires bold and innovative, â€Å"carried away†, or even to change the title in the form to save the contents of the original title.In specific operations, the transl ator often use to increase the word, minus the word, changing classes, and expansion to be translated, and thus play depth to convey the contents of the original film, and enhance the title role of infectious. Please observe the following translation of the cases: Blood and Sand, translated as â€Å"Treasure of the Sierra sand, plus lexical Piano plus the word translated as â€Å"The Piano† the Independence Day by the word translated as â€Å"Independence Day flames, the the Three Musketeers to increase word translated as â€Å"the pride of The Three Musketeers† She is So Lovely reduction translated as â€Å"pleasant child. In the heat of the Night less inflammation Night â€Å".The paraphrase After Vivid, natural and appropriate. Sometimes the literal translation, free translation is difficult to appropriately reflect the contents of the original film, to inspire the audience aesthetic pleasure: some post-translational obscure, nondescript; others are bland, no ch arm. Required to set aside the original title of the form and content, based on the original film content, reinvent the wheel, the source language of the eyes of the target language audience bland title, vividly reproduce the form of language that people loved. Title translator in China in this regard there are many superior for beautiful choice of words, right, and vividly depicts the original film content.Such as Of Mice and Men the movie, adapted from the realist writer John? Steinbeck (John Steinbeck had 1902-2002) of the same name novel â€Å"Of Mice and Men† all resistance analogy farmers efforts are in vain, are able to escape to John? The fate of the mole to describe the poetry of Donne ((John Donne) — hard making good house final inevitably destroyed by the rake of film titles did not copy the title literally translated, but the change to be translated as â€Å"living things† implicit in â€Å"Of Mice and Men† moral of the story to inspire the ri ch Chinese cultural associations (such as Buddhism in the face in the crowd the pain), but also reflects the commercial value, can be described as a rare good translation.In addition, the Volcano is translated as â€Å"to fire Siege, Ghost translated as† Ghost â€Å"Patch Adams, translated as† Cherish the truth â€Å"; If Looks Could Kill translated as† Rear Window shade; the Shark Tale Shark Tale † â€Å"Once Upon a Time† translated as Once Upon a Time in China, Guangdong and Hong Kong criminals â€Å"is translated as Long, the Arm of the Law,† Once a Thief â€Å"translated Once a in Thief are on the product. The above example, you can see, the title translation is not a simple machine to copy the content and form of the original title, but should retain the original value of information, cultural values, aesthetic values, and appropriate emphasis on its commercial value, to achieve functional peer.Specifically, that the movie title should not only be faithful to the original film, but also conforms to the language and cultural characteristics, aesthetic taste; achieve beautifully written, concise and full of strong attraction and appeal; attractive, increase ticket sales. With the increasingly active in international cultural exchange activities, more and more English movies into the Chinese market. Prerequisite to a wonderful apt title of the Chinese to English movies dubbed, became attractive vision of the audience, made box office profits. This article discusses the in-depth analysis of a large number of translated cases on the basis of English movie title translation strategies used five methods, namely, transliteration, translation, free translation, compilation and expansion of translation. ?.Characteristics of Translation In fact, many translation of English Movie Titles reflect the Chinese cultural meaning. Bear the brunt under Waterloo Bridge. â€Å"Waterloo Bridge† in English formerly known as the â €Å"Bridge, Waterloo † Literal translation â€Å" â€Å". Translated as â€Å" † intended to take the traditional Chinese Huangmei Opera Excerpts â€Å" â€Å". â€Å" † is about a poignant love story, coincides with the misfortune of the hero and heroine of Waterloo Bridge. Therefore, videos translated as â€Å"Waterloo Bridge† is not only reflected the main content of the film, but contains the Chinese culture. Another talent of Translation was undoubtedly a Pear Tree pressure Begonia.The film in English formerly known as â€Å"Lolita† is adapted from the famous Russian-born American writer Vladimir Nabokov's novel Lolita. Lolita is the name of heroine, the novel name is translated as â€Å"Lolita†. About a middle-aged man by the love and possession of the only 12-year-old following the woman story, is a May-September marriages, the translator will take Su poem of a movie name. â€Å"A pear tree pressure Begonia† in allusion to the Song Dynasty Su ridicule friend poet Zhang Xian ridicule. Zhang is said that in the age of 80 married a 18-year-old concubine, Su then quipped: â€Å"Lang, 18 bride eighty. Gray white hair red makeup. Yuanyang where dual night. Pressure Begonia a Pear Tree. † â€Å"Pear â€Å"means the white hair of the old lady,† Begonia â€Å"is as bright dripping Shaoqi.After â€Å"pressure Begonia a Pear Tree† has become a May-September marriages, that is â€Å"old robber euphemism. Although this translation inevitably brings to mind the ridicule of thousands of years ago who gifted poet, a little bad heart and come up with the Chinese translation of the sort of genius in poor taste, but we have to admire the talent of the translator. The same time, the number of Chinese translation so with Chinese characteristics and story apt. â€Å"Honey trap† is another full Chinese translation of the Chinese culture. â€Å"Honey trap† is well known as one of the â⠂¬Å"Thirty-Six. The film â€Å"Notorious,† translated from the movie â€Å"Notorious†. Notorious is a very common English word, meaning â€Å"the infamous, notorious†.The film is about the daughter of the former German spy John, warm, charming Leah father's relationship into the Nazi internal use of the marital relationship successfully steal the enemy intelligence to the story of the effectiveness of the motherland. This is a suspense, there is beauty, spy love, love film, translated as â€Å"honey trap†, and its cultural connotations self-evident. â€Å"My Fair Lady† story based on the works of the famous British playwright George Bernard Shaw's â€Å"Pygmalion†, a transliteration of â€Å"Pygmalion. † Pygmalion Code since ancient times, Cyprus. Prince Pygmalion very fond of the sculpture, the day he succeeded in shaping the image of a beauty. Put it down, soulful eyes every day to watch more than. As I watched, the beauty competiti on live. George Bernard Shaw in the play in shaping another â€Å"Pygmalion† – Higgins, a professor of linguistics.Higgins will be a full country accent flower girl Yi Lisha in the short term training to become a speaking aristocratic accent come and go in the high society of the rich princess, and then fell in love with her unable to extricate themselves. The movie translated as â€Å"My Fair Lady† positive and â€Å"My Fair Lady, Marty† This is eternal good training. However, because the English movie name names or place names, and like the exhaustion of few words, in the process of translation is often a literal translation or transliteration of a simple literal translation or transliteration. Sometimes the lack of beauty. Some even lied. There may even be some joke. Such as movies Lawrence, of Aribia. Chinese translated as â€Å"Lawrence of Arabia† unsatisfactory translated as â€Å"Lawrence of Arabia†. Because for the Chinese audience.T hey think may be more British novelist Lawrence and Lawrence's erotic novel, coupled with the Arab country's unique religious beliefs, the Chinese audience may think of other content deviates from the movie intended. Who would have thought the Lawrence ofAribia is during World War II. Time fighting in the African desert, a German air raid team in hot water, led by General, in the face of the enemy besieged by the enemy in fierce fighting and escape in a hail of bullets, expand the scenes of thrilling war stories ? so â€Å"Lawrence of Arabia† is a very exact description of the audience will soon associate the film's war theme. In another example, the Waterloo Bridge mentioned earlier, such as a simple literal translation processing, it becomes a â€Å"Waterloo Bridge†, the audience will soon think of Napoleon. How will not and love together.Previous years, large tracts of Titanic tone into the â€Å"Titanic†, the Hong Kong into the â€Å"Titanic†. Young p eople, nothing. Can two elderly people wonder how so strange: the movie name, called â€Å"Madam you these days? Another corrected him and said:† kick him you jump â€Å". This joke first, and regardless of the true and false. Take the first translated version of â€Å"Ice Wreck† will not appear so misunderstood. There is an English name The ShawshankRedemption. This is an all fans are blown away by the absolute masterpiece, but unfortunately the translation confusion. Mainland genuine call it â€Å"on the black fly, Hong Kong translation is† to stimulate 1995. â€Å"Moon black fly† while listening to like martial arts films.But the meaning can also be understood: can stimulate the 1995 because it was staged in Hong Kong in 1995, and no reason to become such a translation, simply make people feel uncomfortable from the heart. If you watched the movie, you will think this is blasphemy of the great works. Prefer the translation is â€Å"The Shawshank Rede mption†. First, it take into account the shark Fort English pronunciation and meaning, seem cold and mysterious, followed faithfully repaid to save this layer of meaning are, we can say quite a place. Chinese story â€Å"The Butterfly Lovers† translated into English Romeo and Juliet of China, the Westerners'll be able to understand its content is profound and enormous influence. Translated into The utterfly Lovers, or the pinyin transliteration, but make them puzzled. Full of Chinese cultural meaning of â€Å"Farewell My Concubine† translated Farewell My Concubine ridiculous. â€Å"Flirting Scholar† that translated into of The Flirting Scholar, but even the most nonsensical of Stephen Chow would think ridiculous. No wonder people translation compared to marriage, the natural letters, up to a pair of elegant, there are strong twisted sweet, stumbling through life. With the social and technological developments. Good movie more and more, and here to cite onl y a few examples to illustrate the problems related to cultural factors in the translation.Interdependence between the translator and film each other constraints, the name and content of each film is certain, regardless of the method of literal translation. Or paraphrase of the method taking into account the differences between Chinese and British culture, can make the translation of both faithful to the original film but also pleasant to the eyes and ears, it would be a successful translation. The successful translation can play a role in promoting the popularity of the film. Inappropriate translation in a loss to some extent a good movie. So we are looking forward to the translators can focus more on the translation of film titles from the cultural and aesthetic point of view, rather than the pursuit of economic efficiency or for pursuit of strange maverick. ?. ConclusionLanguage is the carrier of thinking, the movie name is a reflection of the linguistic form, and thinking in the name of the English film translation of differences in the impact, so closely related to the three. In this paper, the translation of the name of the Sino-British film, by comparing the differences of both English and Chinese translation of the film name of the forms of expression and word selection, trying to integrated thinking and decentralized thinking, the dominant thinking and recessive thinking, abstract thinking and thinking in images of the three angles a reasonable explanation of the differences in national mode of thinking in English.